356 DR. C. F. SONNTAG ON THE ANATOMY, 



the three-quarters of an inch internal to the longus. It has a 

 curved insertion running from the lesser trochanter to the back 

 of the shaft of the femur. 



Hamstring Muscles : — With the exception of the short head of 

 the biceps, all the hamstrings arise together from the lower and 

 back part of the tuber ischii, and all are fused. The semitendi- 

 nosus is inserted into the anterior tubercle of the tibia, and by a 

 large expansion to the fascia of the leg. The tendon is not as 

 long as in Man (Vrolik and Hepburn), and the insertion is lower. 

 Ouvier showed that this low insertion is incompatible with 

 an erect attitude, and Rolleston pointed out that it occurs 

 in children. The insertion of this muscle, and that of the 

 semimembranosus move upwards as the body becomes erect. 

 The semimembranosus is smaller than the last muscle, and its 

 long, flat tendon sends no fibres to the fascia over the popliteus, 

 nor to the internal lateral ligament. It is inserted into the tibia 

 over a small area proximal to the other hamstrings. The biceps 

 differs somewhat in my specimen from the accounts of Hepburn 

 (24) and Ohampneys (11). Both heads remain separate. The 

 ischial head has a strong insertion into the outer side of the head 

 of the tibia, the head of the fibula, and the fascia over the outer 

 head of the gastrocnemius. The femoral head is inserted into 

 the head and proximal inch of the shaft of the fibula, and the 

 fascia over the gastrocnemius. It is, therefore, evident that the 

 hamstrings and some of the adductor group are connected to 

 the fascia over the gastrocnemius. 



The gluteus vnaximus is smaller than in Man. It arises from 

 the side of the sacrum and coccyx, the great sacro-sciatic ligament 

 and the ischial tuberosity along with the long head of the biceps. 

 No muscle fibres arise fi-om the iliac crest, as in Fhascolarctos, 

 but it arises from the strong fascia which covers the gluteus 

 medius, and is attached to the iliac crest. Hepburn (24) saw it 

 arising from the crest, Humphry (26) observed no fascial origin, 

 and Ohampneys (11) described conditions similar to mine. The 

 insertion is longer than in Man, for it is fixed to the back of 

 the femur as low down as the external condyle, and to the 

 shaft below the great trochanter. Its fibres mingle with the 

 vastus externus. It is fused with the outer head of the gastro- 

 cnemius (Humphry, 26), and with the tensor fasciae femoris 

 (Wilder, 53). 



The gluteus medius has a fleshy origin from the whole of the 

 dorsum ilii down to the line from the great sciatic notch to 

 the anterior inferior spine, and by a dense aponeurosis from the 

 anterior border between the superior and inferior spines. The 

 aponeurosis gives way to muscle after an inch. Fibres also arise 

 from the posterior aspect of the aponeurosis. It is inserted into 

 the top of the outer aspect of the great trochanter. A small slip 

 runs from the mesial aspect of the tendon to join the tendon of 

 the pyriformis, thus bringing the two tendons into connection. 

 Two communicating bursas (text-fig. 36, Bur) separate the 



