364 dr. c. f. soxntag on the anatomy, 



The Joints. 



Spinal Ligaments : — The anterior common ligament extends 

 from the axis to the upper segment of the sacrum, and is smaller 

 above than below. It is attached to the front of the centra, but 

 not to the depressions between the vertebrae. Tlie supraspinous 

 ligaments run as in Man, and are connected to interspinous 

 ligaments. There is no ligamentum nuchse. The interspinous 

 ligaments are as in Man. The ligamenta suhflava run from the 

 anterior aspect of the lamina above to the posterior aspect of the 

 lamina below. They and the interspinous ligaments are very 

 elastic. The posterior common ligament runs from the axis to 

 the sacrum, but is not so dentate in appearance as in Man. It is 

 narrow on the centra, and expanded over the intervertebral 

 discs. 



Costal Articulations (text-fig. 37 A & B): — Anterioi-ly the 

 head of the rib is connected by a fan-shaped ligament, not 

 divisible into three parts as it is in Man, and the fibres all gain 

 attachments to the anterior common ligament (A.O.L). The 

 upper fibres run to the vertebra above, and the lower ones to the 

 vertebra below, where they are overlapped by the upper fibres of 

 the next joint. Posteriorly the tubercle of the rib is attached to 

 the transverse process of the vertebra by a capsule. The upper 

 border of the neck of the rib is connected to the transverse 

 process by a fan-shaped ligament (0-T.L.). 



The intertransverse ligaments (I-T.L) are fan-shaped. They 

 connect the tip of the transverse process above to the upper 

 border of the transverse process below. 



The lengths of the spinovis processes of the cervical vertebrae 

 are : — axial | inch ; 4th vertebra | inch : 6th and 7th vertebrae 

 g inch. 



Atlanto-aoooid Joints : — The posterior atlanto-axoid ligament, 

 from the posterior arch of the atlas to the upper border of the 

 axis, corresponds to the ligamenta subflava elsewhere. It is 

 strengthened by fibrous bands (text-fig. 37, F.B) : a. From the 

 transverse process of the axis to an elevation on the posterior 

 arch of the atlas ; h. A central atlanto-axoid band (C.A.B) ; 

 c. Several small bands between the others. The anterior atlanto- 

 axoid ligament is a very strong band continuing the anterior 

 common ligament from the axis to the atlas. 



Joints of the Occipital, Atlas, and Axis (text-fig. 37 D) : — The 

 posterior occipito-atlantoid ligament is a thin membrane running 

 between the posterior arch of the atlas and the edge of the 

 foramen magnum. It is strengthened by lateral bands, attached 

 close to the condyles. It functions as a posterior capsular liga- 

 ment. An internal capsular ligament runs from the inner 

 border of the condyle to the superior articular process of the 

 atlas. And a strengthening band runs from the posterior arch 

 of the atlas to the occipital bone close to the attachment of the 

 internal capsular ligament. The anterior occipito-atlantoid 



