372 DR. C. F. SONVrAG ON THE ANATOMY, 



of ridges radiate fi'om the median raphe, which is thicker an- 

 teriorly than posteriori}^ The soft palate has the same histological 

 structure as in Man, and its glands are very numerous. Using 

 C. for complete ridges, I. for incomplete ridges, P. for incisive 

 papilla, R. for median I'aphe, and U. for uvula, the formula is CO, 

 111-11, P0,R + ,U4-. 



In a former paper (46) I described the tongues of several 

 specimens, and I collected the literature. In this animal there 

 are eight papilla? arranged in a Y. 



Tl\\e pharynx is as in Man. Faucial and pharyngeal tonsils 

 are both present, and are nourished from the vascular circle 

 formed by the branches of the ascending pharyngeal artery 

 (text-fig. 29). The former is covei'ed by fenestrated mucous 

 membrane. Although lingual, faucial and pharyngeal tonsils 

 are present I was vinable to detect Waldeyer's lymphatic ring. 

 Seesel's pocket is absent. The constrictor muscles are as in Man. 

 The sinus of Morgagni is large, and the levatores and ten sores 

 palati are more horizontal owing to the pi'Ognathism of the skvill 

 than in Man. 



The oesophagus is entirely behind the trachea in the neck. It 

 has similar relations in the neck and thorax to those in Man. 

 The mucous membrane is thrown into prominent longitudinal 

 folds in the cervical and thoracic parts, but the former are more 

 numerous and closer together. The wells are thinner and more 

 dilated in the lower part of the oesophagus. In the upper part 

 the inferior constrictor joins the outer longitudinal muscular coat 

 of the oesophagus, Avhich increases in thickness from above down- 

 wards, and becomes continuous with the outer coat of the gastric 

 musculature. The circular muscle coat thickens from above 

 downwards and also becomes continuous with the circular fibres 

 of the stomach. At the lower end of the oesophagus it forms the 

 sphincter of the cardia, which is two inches long. The inner 

 longitvfdinal fibres in the upper part consist of a few strands, and 

 the submucosa bulges between them ; they are entirely absent in 

 the lower part of the oesophagus. Man has only two muscular 

 coats. 



Cunningham (14) has given a fine illustration of the topo- 

 graphical relations of the abdominal viscera; and anatomical 

 details have been given by a large number of authors, whose 

 works have been collected and grouped by Keith (29). So no 

 very full account is given below. 



The Stonnach. 



The oesophagus passes through the diaphragm at the level of 

 the ninth dorsal vertebra, and opens into the stomach after an 

 intra-abdominal course of half an inch. The stomach is divided 

 into fundus, body, antrum, and pylorus. The fundus is well 

 marked and projects up into the left cupola of the diaphragm. 

 The long axis of the stomach is crescontic, and is more hoinzontal 



