374 DR. C. F, SONNTAG ON THE ANATOMY, 



Intestinal Tract. 



The duodenum begins opposite the first lumbar vertebra, and 

 it is throughout entirely behind the peritoneum. It is divided ^ 

 as in Man into horizontal, descending and ascending parts which 

 measure l^r, 2, and 21 inches long respectively. There is a well- 

 marked duodeno- jejunal flexure at the level of the first lumbar 

 vertebra. The common bile-duct and pancreatic ducts have &- 

 common opening in the descending part, but there is no papilla. 

 No valvulte conniventes are present, and the villi are small. 



The ileu7n and jejunum are 1 1 feet 5 inches long. Their villi are 

 small. At intervals there are groups of small longitudinal folds 

 of the mucosa. Four Peyer's patches are present at wide intervals 

 in the lower half of the ileum ; the lowest, which is also the 

 largest, is 2 inches long and | inch broad. 



The vermiform appendix is 4^ inches long, and the caecum is 

 3 inches. No appendix valve is present, but the ileo-c^cal orifice 

 is guarded by a shelf valve. 



The colon is 4 feet long. It is sacculated as usual by two 

 longitudinal muscle bands, and there are many appendices epi- 

 ploicse. No Peyer's patches are present. The most capacious 

 part is the sigmoid colon. 



The rectum and anal canal are 5| inches long. In the rectum 

 there are eight circular folds, of which the fifth is very promi- 

 nent, and below it there is a deep pocket on the left side. The 

 anal canal shows numerous strongly-developed vertical folds of 

 mucosa, representing the columns of Morgagni, but there are no 

 traces of the valves of Ball, The entire rectum and anal canal 

 form a straight tube without any trace of the flexures present in 

 Man. Herrmann (74) has described the anal mucosa in detail. 



The Peritoneum,. 



The great omentum is heavily laden with fat and reaches the 

 symphysis pubis. All four layers are fused and can only be 

 separated at the stomach and transverse colon. The anterior 

 layers are attached to the greater gastric curvature, the first part 

 of the duodenum and spleen, and bands connect it to the lateial 

 abdominal parietes. Between the layers are the usual vessels 

 and lymphatic glands. 



The lesser omentum is attached as in Man,, and the foramen of 

 Winslow is large. It is bulged forwards above the stomach. 

 Between its layers are numerous vessels, sympathetic nerves and 

 lymphatic glands. 



No gastro-pancreatic folds are present. The gastro-phrenic, 

 gastro-splenic and lieno-renal ligaments are well-marked, A 

 peritoneal ligament connects the lower pole of the spleen to the 

 transverse colon, and a small accessory spleen is connected to the 

 colon at the same point. A well-marked ligament connects 

 the pylorus to the right ribs, but no suspensory duodenal muscle 

 exists. 



