PHYSIOLOGY, AND PATHOLOGY OF THE CHIMPANZEE. 417 



Doran (71) pointed out that the auditory ossicles, taken as a 

 whole, resemble those of Man more than do those of the Gorilla 

 and Orang. But in these Anthropoids the ossicles resemble 

 those of Man more than do those of the Chimpanzee in a few 

 points. In the Chimpanzee the malleus is more human than 

 those of the Gorilla and Orang. " In the shape of its head, 

 which projects markedly forwards, and in the nature of its 

 articidar surface, of which the outer segment is much the widest, 

 it approaches T. gorilla more than Homo or Simla ; but in the 

 neck and manubrium it is very human, the only difference being 

 that the latter, in this ape, is narrower at the base, and more 

 curved than in Man, and its well- developed processus brevis is 

 directed upwards, and hardly outwards. In length the handle 

 does not exceed that of our species — another prominent distinc- 

 tion from the other two apes. The body of the incus resembles 

 that in Homo : the processus brevis is more slender, and ends in 

 a sharp point, with no trace of any depression on it. The 

 processus longus is rather stouter and shorter than in Man ; it 

 forms with the posterior crus a right angle. The stapes is 

 smaller than in Man, The crura are almost equally curved ; 

 they are shorter and more slender than in Man, but wider apart 

 at bheir insertion. They are well grooved towards the aperture 

 which is wide. The base resembles that of Homo, though less 

 distinctly reniform, and equally rounded off at both extremities." 



2'ke Skin and Tegumentary Organs. 



As the Chimpanzee uses the extensor surfaces of his fingers in 

 progression the skin has become modified. On the penultimate 

 phalanges it exhibits long, oval callosities ; and it has papillaiy 

 ridges on its terminal ones. These ridges appear to increase 

 during the period of growth, and Kidd (56) after describino- 

 their longitudinal dii'ection states : " their long axes are at right 

 angles to the line of progression of the animal. There is no 

 correlation between the act of prehension and the direction of 

 the ridges, though it agrees closely with the general rule which 

 obtains in so many regions, that the ridges lie at right angles to 

 the line of incidence of the predominating pressure on the part." 



The mammae are two in number, and pectoral in position. 

 The umbilicus was very faint in this specimen. 



The following account of the comparative histology of the 

 hairs of the Anthropoid Apes has been written by Mr. F. Martin 

 Duncan, F.R.M.S., F.Z.S.: — 



The hair of the Chimpanzee is lank, coarse in texture, and 

 jet black in hue. Microscopically it presents certain interesting- 

 features. The cuticular scales are well marked, narrow, and of 

 the imbricate-ovate type characteristic of the Anthropoid Apes, 

 and in contour bear a closer resemblance to Gorilla than to 

 Simla. In the cortex, between the cuticular scales and the 

 medulla, the pigment granules are very numerous, opaque, and 



