PHYSrOLOOV, AND PATTIOLOGY OF THE CHIMPANZEE. 428 



very large pisiform bone. The trapezium, on the other hand, 

 is jsmall, and there is no os centrale as in Simla. The minute 

 flexor longus pollicis is an offshoot of the tendon of the flexor 

 profu.ndus to the index. The pahnaris brevis is large, the 

 first and second lumbricales are connected by a muscular slip, 

 and there are six palmar interossei. Still those anatomical 

 differences are not sufficient to show that the hand of the 

 Chimpanzee is not such a mai'vellous mechanism as that of 

 Man. 



The muscles of the abdominal parietes are very strong, for 

 they act as flexors of the trunk, and they support the abdominal 

 viscera when the aiaimal is walking. A pelvic floor is present, 

 but there is no true central point of the perineum, which plays 

 such an important part in supporting the utervis in woman. 

 The vulva and anus are behind a line connecting the anterior 

 extremities of the ischial tuberosities, but a corresponding line in 

 woman passes betv/een the vulva and anus. 



The quadratus lumborum is shorter than in Man, and is strongly 

 fused with the iliacus, and the latter is longer than in Man. 

 The glutei are less than those in Man, but the maximus has a 

 longer insertion. The glutei and other thigh muscles exhibit a 

 considerable degree of adhesion, and some of the thigh muscles 

 are inserted into the fascia over the muscles of the leg. The 

 scansorius is absent in Man. The adductors form a powerful 

 mass, and they help to keep the inverted foot against a tree in 

 climbing ; from the backward projection of the ischium the 

 adductor magnus is a powerful extensor of the leg in leaping. 

 In the muscles of olie leg it is interesting to note the doubling 

 of the tibialis anticvis and the absence of a tibial head of the 

 soleus. 



Anatomienl literature contains many speculations as to the 

 nature of the foot of the Chimpanzee. Cuvier, Blumenbach, and 

 Owen, and in later years Huxley (27), Humphry (26), and 

 Embleton (19) have proposed different views. A survey of their 

 writings shows that it has been regarded as a foot, a hand, or a 

 compromise between them, that is a chiropodous structure. To 

 settle this question it is necessary to consider the extremities 

 from the anatomical and physiological points of view, and it is 

 necessary to examine them in several animals. Using the human 

 hand as a standard, it is, in the first place, necessary to see how 

 it differs from a fore-foot. Humphry (26) points out that the 

 elongation of the phalanges and the shortness and opposability 

 of the polles are tlie characters which transform a fore-foot into 

 a hand. In the case of the terminal part of the lower extremity 

 many of the myological and osseous features are characteristic, 

 not of a hand or a foot, but of a hind limb. So we must look to 

 the characters of the digits and hallux to determine the nature 

 of the part in the Chimpanzee. Comparing the measurements in 



28* 



