THE ANATOMY OF THE TONGUES OF THE MAMMALIA. 277 



17. The Comparative Anatomy of the Tongues of. the 

 Mammalia. — III. Family 2. Cercopithecidse : with 

 notes on the comparative physiology of the tongues and 

 stomachs of the Langurs. By Charles F. Sonntag, 

 M.D., F.Z.S., Anatomist to the Society. 



[Received January 24, 1921 : Read April 5, 1921.] 



(Text-figures 16-36.) 



Contents. 



Page 



Introduction 277 



Genus Fresh tjtes 278 



Genus Colohus 282 



Genus CercopitJiecus 282 



Genus Macacus 299 



Genus Cercocehus 309 



Genus TJieropithecus 312 



Genus Papio 312 



Summary and Conclusions 321 



Bibliography 321 



iQitroduction. 



The papers dealing Avith the tongnes of the Cercopithecidaj 

 wLicl'i have already appeared are divisible into two groups. In the 

 first group are included papers by Mayer (7), Miinch (8), Chatin 

 (4), and Tuekerinan (11) on the number and arrangement of 

 the vallate papilla?, and tlie taste-buds. In the second group the 

 papers give short accounts of the entire tongue, as part of 

 the description of the anatomy of the whole animal or its 

 alimentary canal ; and the best examples of papers of this kind 

 are Flower's " Lectures on the Organs of Digestion of the 

 Mammalia" (5). 



Most of these papers have the defect that they state one form 

 of vallate papillary grouping for each tongue. I found, however, 

 that all the different forms of vallate papillae occurring through- 

 out the Cercopithecidae Avill be found in most species if a sufficient 

 number of examples of each are examined. Consecpiently, 

 one should qualify each account by a statement that such and 

 such a type occurs in the majority of examples of, say, Macacus 

 rhesus, but other types may appear. 



The tongues of the Cercopithecidpe possess characters which 

 miite them to the tongues of the Cebid?e, and separate them from 

 those of the Simiidpe. Their vallate papillae, at least in my one 

 himdi-ed and forty-nine examples, are never arranged in the 

 Y-form, as in most of the Simiidfe, but adopt the triangular, 

 Y-arrangement or double-pair type. The orifices of gland ducts 



