January 8, 1897.] 



SCIENCE. 



69 



dans chaque race un type cranien qu 'il s'agit 

 de retrouver." 



The remainder of the work is divided into 

 three parts. The first is devoted to the Aryans 

 north of the Hindu Kusch range. These in- 

 clude the Galtchas, the Tadjiks of the moun- 

 tains and the plains, the Iranians of the Pamir, 

 and various lesser conglomerations, as the 

 Kashgars, the Darvasis and the Karatheghins. 

 Each of these is conscientiously studied, not 

 merely from the physical side, but including 

 their dialects, religions, governments, history 

 and civilization. Free use is made of other 

 writers, and it must not be forgotten that the 

 author has extensive sources of personal obser- 

 vation, his wide travels in Central Asia having 

 provided him with abundant material. 



The second part takes up the tribes of Dar- 

 dlstan, Baltistan and Kaflristan, with similar 

 thoroughness. Especial attention is paid to 

 their religions and castes, the influence of Maz- 

 deism and Buddhism, their sociologic customs 

 and the differences between the Aryan dialects 

 north and south of the Hindu Kusch. Inci- 

 dentally, many other questions of anthropology 

 are mentioned. For instance, he assigns to the 

 Dravidas of India a ' half-mongolic ' origin (page 

 240), which thus explains their agglutinative 

 languages. (This overlooks the quite different 

 system of their agglutination.) In this part 

 much use is made of the observations of Leitner 

 and Risley, and the researches of Ratzel and 

 Biddulph. 



The third part is an epitome of his conclu- 

 sions. A careful statement is presented of the 

 physical traits, especially those of the crania. 

 His inference is positive that the Homo Europxus 

 never had his birthplace in Central Asia, as his 

 corporeal type is nowhere found there. The 

 Hindoo, of Hindustan, may be a homologue of 

 the Mediterranean type. 



A first appendix follows on the early Bactrian 

 and Scythic coinage, of great interest to the his- 

 torian and numismatist, and a second on the 

 anthropologic terminology adopted by the au- 

 thor. A moderately well drawn and not very 

 clear ethnographic map is appended. 



The work deserves high recommendation. It 

 is learned and fair, rich in information not 

 easily accessible. Some will find it in a too ex- 



clusive adherence to physical standards of ethnic 

 comparison ; but that is the author's avowed 

 position. D. G. Beinton. 



SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS. 



THE MONIST. 



The bulk of the contents of the January 

 Monist is occupied by three long and exhaus- 

 tive articles : (1) ' The Logic of Eelatives,' by C. 

 S. Peirce ; (2) ' Animal Societies,' by Paul Topi- 

 nard ; (3) 'The Philosophy of Buddhism,' by 

 Paul Carus. 



Mr. Peirce's article is his first publication on 

 the subject of the logic of relatives since 1884, 

 and while devoting much space to a critical 

 analysis of parts of Schroder's new volume is 

 still comprehensive enough to embrace an inde- 

 pendent exposition of the theory of graphs, of 

 dyadic relatives, and offers for the first time Mr. 

 Peirce's rules for working with the 'General 

 Algebra of Logic' New diagrams and im- 

 provements of characters are introduced, and 

 finally certain important mathematical develop- 

 ments in the combinatorial analysis are given. 



Dr. Topinard examines at considerable length 

 the causes and forms of the various social as- 

 semblages met with in the animal world, and 

 his conclusions touch the important questions 

 of the function of the various instincts, the r61e 

 of the family, etc. , in the formation of animal 

 society, as well as directly develop a distinction 

 between ' colonies ' and societies, profoundly 

 affecting that doctrine which bases sociology 

 on biology. 



Finally, in The Philosophy of Buddhism, Dr. 

 P. Carus seeks to reveal the scientific kernel of 

 ancient Buddhistic thought, compares its results 

 to the doctrines of modern psychology, ani- 

 madverts upon Oldenberg's philosophical inter- 

 pretation of Buddha's doctrines, and closes with 

 a psychological elucidation of the doctrine of 

 Nirvana. 



Prof. J. M. Tyler discusses Cope's Primary 

 Factors of Organic Evolution; the usual French 

 correspondence, and reviews of Ostwald's scien- 

 tific classics and of works by Cantor, Griesbach, 

 Freycinet, etc., appear; while in Discussions we 

 have remarks upon Panlogism, by E. Douglas 

 Fawcett, and a mention of the proposed new 

 scientific catalogue. 



