Maech 13, 1897.] 



SCIENCE. 



449 



nature. It inevitablj'^ led, as he points out, to 

 a degeneration both of the slave and the master, 

 both of the woman and the man, and destroyed 

 the possibility of any notable progress in civil- 

 ization. 



In the chapter on slavery among the Ameri- 

 can aborigines he adduces a few examples, but 

 recognizes that it was not a prevalent institu- 

 tion with the red race. The gynocracy found 

 in some tribes, he explains as merely apparent, 

 not a real government, but confined to indus- 

 trial aims. On the slaves of Mexico and Peru, 

 he is somewhat full, but confines himself to 

 second-hand authorities and not always the 

 best of these. 



From America he passes to the Polynesians 

 and the Mongolians, where the condition of the 

 enslaved classes was as wretched as anywhere. 

 Turning to ancient history, he collects from 

 classical authorities a mass of information on 

 slavery among the Semites, the Egyptians, the 

 Greeks and the Eomans. Of course, on the 

 latter he is particularly ample, as the sources of 

 accurate knowledge are abundant. Everywhere 

 he finds the same characteristics evolving in 

 like social environments. 



The semi-servile conditions in the Middle 

 Ages, such as those of the serfs, the adscripts 

 of the glebe, and the like feudal dispositions of 

 the lower classes, occupy an instructive chapter. 



Finally, the author applies himself to the 

 practical application of his long study of enforced 

 labor. How is it to be avoided ? Or so modi- 

 fied as to distribute even taxes on all ? To this 

 he devotes his closing pages ; but they are too 

 vague, too visionary, too remote from any pos- 

 sible immediate adoption, to satisfy the earnest 

 reader. Slavery, in its ancient forms, is prac- 

 tically extinct ; but is not modern freedom, in 

 the face of labor unions on the one hand and 

 monopolies on the other, just what Dr. Johnson 

 defined it a hundred years ago and more, free- 

 dom to work or starve? An excellent index 

 closes the volume. 



D. G. Beinton. 



The Geological and Natural History Survey of 

 Minnesota. N. H. Winchell, State Geolo- 

 gist. 1892-1896. The Geology of Minnesota, 

 Vol. III. Part II. of the Final Report. Pale- 



ontology, by E. O. Ulrich, John M. Clarke, 



Wilbur H. Scofield, and N. H. Winchell. 



4to. Minneapolis, 1897. Pp. Ixxxiii. to cliv., 



475-1081, plates 35-82, and 133 figures in the 



text. 



The introductory chapter by N. H. Winchell 

 and E. O. Ulrich gives a detailed correlation of 

 the Lower Silurian deposits of the Upper Mis- 

 sissippi province, with those in the Cincinnati, 

 Tennessee, New York, and Canadian provinces, 

 together with the stratigraphic and geographic 

 distribution of the fossils. It is doubtful 

 whether any State Survey has ever before at- 

 tempted so successfully such a minute study and 

 correlation of the beds and horizons of an ex- 

 tensive series of sediments. It shows a vast 

 amount of careful and intelligent collecting. 

 This kind of work has made possible the pre- 

 paration of the succeeding excellent chapters 

 on various classes of fossil remains from the 

 Lower Silurian or Ordovician. 



E. O. Ulrich, under separate chapters, treats 

 of the Lamellibranchiata and Ostracoda. These 

 classes of animals are generally recognized as 

 difficult to deal with in the fossil state, the 

 former from the common imperfection of preser- 

 vation, and the latter from their minute size 

 and simple form. The paleozoic lamellibranchs 

 are arranged under twenty-nine families, of 

 which ten will include all or nearly all of the 

 Ordovician genera. 



The Trilobites are described by J. M. Clarke, 

 in Chapter VIII. The material is not so rich 

 as in some of the other classes, but is thoroughly 

 elaborated. Valuable sections are added deal- 

 ing with the American Lower Silurian Phacop- 

 idse, and the subordinate generic relations of 

 the species of the genera Ceraurus and Lichas. 

 Chapter IX. on the Cephalopoda is by the same 

 author. About fifty species are noticed, includ- 

 ing the novel primitive nautiloid type, Nanno, 

 about which there has already been considerable 

 discussion in America, England and Sweden. 



The final chapter (X.) on the Gastropoda, by 

 E. O. Ulrich and the late W. H. Scofield, occu- 

 pies more than one-third of the volume. Nu- 

 merous new genera and species are described and 

 illustrated, showing the richness and variety of 

 this fauna. 



C. E. Beechek. 



