STONE IMPLEMENTS FROM SHORES OF LAKE MICHIGAN. 595 



ordinary elaborated edge tools of the vicinity. The simplest alteration 

 is iound in the resharpeued edge of iiakes which have seen service. 

 The result is clearly apparent when produced by slanting blows near 

 the edge from one side only, a result not readily duplicated by any of 

 the acts of utilization, such as chopping, scraping, etc. The large flake 

 {a, Plate lY) illustrates the effect of designed flaking, and (&) the flak- 

 ing caused by chopping, both results being easily verified by experiment. 



Another example of the flaked edge, not, however, the result of slant- 

 ing blows, is found in the used scraper (Plate III, g). This specimen 

 is shown principally because of its well-marked striations. A scraping 

 edge shaped by flaking is not common, and is never as sharp or uniform 

 as the natural edge, although more durable for rough usage. 



Hatchet shapes. — A very common form of implement in this region is 

 a notched flake (Plate VI) resembling a hatchet. The notches are 

 worked in the lateral edge of the flake nearer its thicker end. Some- 

 times their presence is indicated by a slight battering of the edge only, 

 but for the most part they are deeply flaked from both sides, the 

 roughness of the cleft being reduced by a few bruising blows. The 

 thinner margin of the flake is the edge of the implement and is fre- 

 quently ground on the rough side, but to a moderate extent only. 

 Three inches may be given as an average length of these objects. They 

 were probably used chiefly for scraping and incising, as the marks of 

 use correspond to those of the unspecialized flakes which have been 

 so used. 



The notched forms pass by degrees into others, showing more exten- 

 sive alterations of the natural outline. The notches are enlarged by 

 flaking and bruising until only the thick and thin portions of the 

 circumference remain unchanged. This completes the elaboration 

 of form for a large proportion of the series; but bruising of the thick 

 end into a rounded head or poll and grinding of the thin edge have 

 occasionally produced still more finished implements. Many examples 

 recall the familiar chopping knife of the modern kitchen, while speci- 

 mens having a greater length and relatively less width are well suited 

 for use in the hand without hafting. Many may be described as broad 

 hatchets with a flaring edge, and these pass into the narrower and 

 more conventional shapes. 



Celt shapes. — A more uniform reduction of the sides of the implement 

 has produced a well-represented series that may well be classed with 

 celts (Plate YII). Instead of concave lateral outlines, the sides are 

 approximately straight. The edge of the tool remains unmodified, or 

 is reduced to a straighter line and greater thickness by grinding. The 

 opposite end is bluntly pointed or rounded. 



The original percussion notch, or the lines radiating from it, can usually 

 be discovered at the side rather than at the head of the implement, the 

 long axis of which corresponds to the width of the flake. In cases 

 where both the notch and lines have been obliterated, the curve of the 



