STONE IMPLEMENTS FROM SHORES OF LAKE MICHIGAN. 597 



obtained from the sites amounts to twenty-nine only, including all 

 partly flaked forms which may be recognized as such. About twelve 

 halves may be added to these; halves of used implements are not 

 included. 



Although limited in number, there are suflBcient rejects to show that 

 flakes have been discarded at all stages of shaping. The beginnings 

 of designed forms appear in the single roughly flaked notch or in the 

 roughing out of one side by slanting blows. In such examples the 

 cause of rejection is apparently often to be found in too great a loss 

 of the edge at a point probably designed to remain unaltered. Trans- 

 verse and oblique fractures have also in some cases been the cause of 

 failure, dividing the unfinished imiilement at the narrow portion or 

 notch or detaching the smaller end of the partly flaked celt. Some 

 rejections have resulted from attempts to bring the desired edge into 

 proper alignment by flaking rather than by the more usual and slower 

 method of grinding. 



In Plate VIII the forms which are intermediate between the blank 

 flake and the final product are presented as instances of partial elabo- 

 ration. The simple flake is the first term of the series, its blade char- 

 acters having reached their full development with one effectual flaking 

 blow upon a waterworn stone. The unbroken cobblestone and the 

 nucleus precede the flake in the series presented. 



Designed shaping of the cobblestone. — Specimens are not wanting with 

 which to arrange a series of flaked cobblestones corresponding to the 

 Piny Branch rejectage series' and series from other shops in the United 

 States where pebbles and bowlders have been flaked into blank blades. 



Some of the cobblestones have the characters of the one- faced turtle 

 back or reject, and additional trimming and straightening of the edge 

 is seen in a limited number of specimens. Twenty-six rejects and 

 eleven halves and fragments constitute the total number of specimens 

 intermediate between the faceted stones described above and the celt 

 forms. 



Just how many of the flaked cobblestones of the refuse were designed 

 originally to pass into some of these more advanced forms and proved 

 to be failures before assuming their intended characters, is a question 

 that can not be definitely answered. 



The working out of the celt outline (/, Plate IX) may be considered 

 to begin with c, Plate II, and to be well advanced in d and e, Plate IX, 

 which are the only forms of the particular kind in all the refuse. The 

 final form is also one of three examples appearing in local collec- 

 tions. It is difficult to say whether the evidences of grinding, seen in 

 f/, e, and /, Plate IX, are due to intentional shaping or to the effects 

 of use. Flaking of both sides of the cobblestone is poorly represented. 

 A fully developed leaf blade, with a sharp edge all around, is, from the 



'American Antiquarian, November, 1896. "Manufacture of picked-abraded stone 

 implements," W, H. Holmes, 



