612 ARCH^OLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA IN 1897. 



between them, would remain, and several old residents of the valley 

 remember seeing these logs projecting from the monnds twenty years 

 ago. They were mentioned by both Emory and Johnston. Senor 

 Montoya, who lives in a modern adobe house at Buena Vistsl, told me 

 that when he first settled there several of the mounds were staked out 

 by rows of upright cedar posts, marking the positions of the former 

 walls. These posts were used as fuel, and although no fragments 

 remain above ground, there are many indications of them buried in the 

 soil. The method of supporting an earth- wall by means of upright 

 posts was used at Four- Mile Euin, and is conspicuous in the walls of 

 one of the rooms at that ruin. Similar vertical stumps have likewise 

 been found by me in several other ruins, showing that this method of 

 construction was a common one in widely se]3arated localities. It has - 

 been noticed lower down the Gila, in the Mancos and Chelly canyons, 

 and appears to have been in use in the middle of the sixteenth century, 

 for it is mentioned by Oastaneda in his account of the " Ooronado 

 expedition." 



I saw no evidence in my examination of the walls that they were 

 made of blocks of clay, sun dried before they were set in position, nor 

 of the rammed earth or pise work, said to be so evident in Oasa Grrande. 

 I am inclined to believe that the builders were familiar with both these 

 architectural methods, but that in the Pueblo Viejo they adopted a 

 simpler one. A foundation row of stones was first laid, and upright 

 logs were driven at intervals along the lines of foundation. The inter- 

 vals between the logs, which were large, were then filled in with stones 

 and clay taken from neighboring flats. Possibly one object of the line 

 of foundation stones was to prevent undermining by water and other 

 agencies the action of which would be greatest at the level of the 

 ground. The stones thns presented an effectual resistance to erosion 

 at the weakest part of the wall — its foundation. 



The compact dwelling called a pueblo, in which clans are huddled 

 together, is not represented in the ancient habitations of Pueblo Viejo. 

 The clusters of houses were approximated, but were not joined, being 

 separated by courts, reservoirs, or irrigation ditches. We find some- 

 thing similar to this in the localization of gentes in different quarters 

 of the Pueblo Walj)i, where there is a separation of the houses of dif- 

 ferent clans, where the tendency has been to consolidation, but in the 

 Pueblo Viejo ruins the houses of different clans were isolated from 

 each other. All the rooms were rectangular in form, or nearly so, and 

 although circular depressions were noted in several ruins, no evidence 

 was seen that these were formerly inhabited rooms. The nearest 

 approach to a circular room is the depression at Buena Vista, which 

 was too small to be referred to any of the circular rooms mentioned by 

 Emory and Johnston. 



The chambers at Epley's ruin, which we excavated, were filled with 

 adobe denuded from the upper part of the walls. Although the room 



