622 ARCH^OLOGICAL FIELD WORK IN ARIZONA IN 1897. 



Berual led an expedition down the San Pedro to its junction with the 

 Gila, where he turned west without entering Pueblo Viejo. A mission 

 called Victoria is indicated on Kino's map of 1710, at the mouth of the 

 San Pedro, but east of that no missions appear to have been founded, 

 nor does Kino appear to have traveled in that direction. All that 

 region was called Apacheria, and probably long before the beginning 

 of 1700 the sedentary people had been forced out of the valley by 

 hostiles.' 



The ruins in Pueblo Viejo are similar to those near Tempe and along 

 the banks of the Gila and Saiado. From what is left of the houses and 

 the arrangement of the clusters into villages, their mode of construc- 

 tion, irrigating ditches and reservoirs, I should judge that the former 

 inhabitants of the two regions were of similar culture if not the same 

 stock. The pottery of the upper and lower Gila ruins can not be dis- 

 tinguished, being identical in color, texture, and decoration. Both 

 people cremated their dead, and likewise, in rare instances, practiced 

 intramural burial. 



The nearest agricultural people to Pueblo Yiejo of which we have 

 any account in early Spanish writings were the Sobaipuri Indians, a 

 Piman tribe then living on the San Pedro. They appear to have occu- 

 pied this range in 1540, and the names of their raucherias and number 

 of inhabitants were given by Kino in 1679. Although they lived on or 

 near the sites of some of the ruins they do not seem to have regarded 

 these houses as the work of their people. They had an intimate 

 knowledge of Zuui and Tusayan, and told Father Garces that the 

 Mokis built some of the old buildings on the Gila. 



The Sobaipuri, like the Pimas, were an agricultural people, living in 

 raucherias which were often clustered together, irrigating their farms, 

 and raising corn, melons, and cotton. It is possible that their old 

 range was the Pueblo Viejo, out of which they had been driven by 

 hostile Apaches. 



At the time of the visit of Marcos of Nizza there were trade relations 

 between Cibola (Zuni) and the Sobaipuri, and some of the latter accom- 

 panied Estevan to Cibola. Coronado, in 1540, met a Cibolan Indian 

 among the Sobaii^uri and gathered information from him concerning 

 Cibola and other " kingdoms." It appears that in the middle of the 

 sixteenth century there were cordial trade relations between the settle- 

 ments on the Little Colorado Eiver and those of the San Pedro and 

 Gila, which would indicate visits back and forth and the existence of 

 trails between the two sections. At that time the Apaches were not 

 strong enough to prevent communication between the people of the 

 Gila and the ujDper tributaries of the Little Colorado. 



When Bernal descended the San Pedro with Padre Kino in 1697 

 they were accompanied by Coro, a Sobaipuri chief, and some of his 



1 Probably Arivaypa Canyon was one of the last strongholds of the sedentary peo- 

 ple. The people of that region intermarried with the Apaches. 



