﻿KNDticH.] 
  SAWATCH 
  EANGE 
  "MONUMENTS." 
  157 
  

  

  projects 
  more 
  and 
  more, 
  until 
  its 
  rear 
  end, 
  formerly 
  buried 
  in 
  the 
  wall, 
  

   is 
  reached. 
  Then 
  we 
  have 
  the 
  beginning 
  of 
  the 
  monument. 
  All 
  that 
  

   portion 
  directly 
  under 
  the 
  protecting 
  cap 
  has 
  remained 
  intact, 
  and 
  now 
  

   stands 
  out 
  prominently 
  as 
  a 
  cylindrical 
  column, 
  bearing 
  a 
  rock 
  of 
  often 
  

   very 
  irregular 
  shape 
  on 
  its 
  upper 
  end. 
  After 
  that 
  stage 
  of 
  development 
  

   has 
  been 
  reached, 
  erosion 
  by 
  sand, 
  frost, 
  and 
  other 
  agents 
  assert 
  their 
  

   influence 
  in 
  shaping 
  the 
  monument 
  to 
  the 
  typical 
  form. 
  The 
  highest 
  por- 
  

   tion 
  of 
  the 
  cylinder 
  gradually 
  becomes 
  thinner, 
  while 
  the 
  lower 
  one, 
  on 
  

   account 
  of 
  its 
  greater 
  bulk 
  and 
  more 
  recent 
  separation 
  from 
  the 
  original 
  

   place 
  of 
  deposition, 
  retains 
  to 
  a 
  great 
  extent 
  its 
  thickness. 
  Bottle-shaped 
  

   columns 
  are 
  the 
  eventual 
  result, 
  capped 
  by 
  an 
  erratic 
  bowlder, 
  which 
  pro- 
  

   jects 
  on 
  all 
  sides 
  over 
  the 
  narrow 
  " 
  neck 
  " 
  sustaining 
  it. 
  If 
  erosion 
  pro- 
  

   gresses 
  further, 
  particularly 
  that 
  produced 
  by 
  sand, 
  the 
  neck 
  again 
  is 
  the 
  

   portion 
  most 
  violently 
  and 
  successfully 
  attacked. 
  It 
  grows 
  still 
  thinner 
  

   until 
  it 
  has 
  assumed 
  the 
  shape 
  of 
  a 
  cone. 
  Then 
  the 
  stone 
  capping 
  it 
  can 
  no 
  

   longer 
  retain 
  its 
  delicately-balanced 
  position 
  and 
  falls. 
  Thus 
  the 
  needles 
  

   are 
  formed. 
  To 
  these 
  latter 
  is 
  allotted, 
  but 
  a 
  short 
  existence. 
  Exposed 
  

   entirely 
  to 
  the 
  eroding 
  agents, 
  the 
  cone 
  grows 
  more 
  and 
  more 
  obtuse, 
  its 
  

   height 
  less, 
  and, 
  crumbling 
  down 
  piece 
  afterpiece, 
  before 
  long 
  its 
  place 
  is 
  

   only 
  marked 
  by 
  a 
  low 
  mound 
  of 
  disintegrated 
  conglomerate. 
  Storms 
  and 
  

   rain 
  carry 
  off 
  the 
  smaller 
  particles 
  and 
  the 
  sand, 
  so 
  that 
  all 
  we 
  find 
  to-day 
  

   to 
  mark 
  the 
  places 
  where 
  perhaps 
  hundreds 
  of 
  the 
  monuments 
  stood 
  at 
  

   one 
  time 
  is 
  a 
  layer 
  of 
  trachytic 
  bowlders 
  that 
  locally 
  accumulate 
  where 
  

   once 
  they 
  were 
  imbedded 
  within 
  or 
  placed 
  on 
  top 
  of 
  the 
  monuments.* 
  A 
  

   very 
  beautiful 
  trachyte 
  composes 
  the 
  greater 
  portion 
  of 
  these 
  bowlders. 
  

   It 
  is 
  of 
  a 
  variety 
  that 
  occurs 
  at 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  localities 
  in 
  the 
  district 
  of 
  

   1874. 
  Instead 
  of 
  segregated 
  minerals 
  contained 
  in 
  a 
  paste, 
  it 
  consists 
  

   mainly 
  of 
  a 
  crystalline 
  aggregate. 
  Sanidite 
  crystals, 
  colorless, 
  yellowish, 
  

   and 
  pink, 
  together 
  with 
  black 
  hornblende 
  crystals, 
  black 
  mica, 
  and 
  white 
  

   or 
  yellowish 
  oligoclase, 
  make 
  up 
  the 
  trachyte. 
  A 
  small 
  quantity 
  of 
  a 
  red- 
  

   dish 
  paste 
  occurs 
  sometimes, 
  but 
  rarely. 
  Frequently 
  a 
  light-green 
  semi- 
  

   opal 
  forms 
  a 
  sort 
  of 
  cement, 
  and 
  then 
  produces 
  a 
  harder 
  variety 
  of 
  the 
  

   rock. 
  Some 
  of 
  the 
  sanidite 
  crystals 
  show 
  adularization. 
  Partly 
  mate- 
  

   rial 
  made 
  up 
  of 
  this 
  trachyte, 
  partly 
  that 
  from 
  other 
  varieties, 
  compose 
  

   the 
  cementing 
  sand. 
  Much 
  of 
  the 
  clay 
  that 
  enters 
  into 
  the 
  composi- 
  

   tion 
  of 
  the 
  latter 
  has 
  been 
  washed 
  out 
  from 
  the 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  walls 
  and 
  

   monuments, 
  and 
  has 
  collected 
  as 
  a 
  yellow 
  deposit 
  in 
  the 
  small 
  streams 
  

   and 
  creeks 
  leading 
  to 
  South 
  River. 
  On 
  the 
  west 
  side 
  of 
  this 
  stream 
  the 
  

   same 
  formation 
  occurs, 
  but 
  the 
  monuments 
  are 
  only 
  found 
  scattered 
  here 
  

   and 
  there, 
  by 
  no 
  means 
  in 
  the 
  same 
  groups 
  as 
  on 
  the 
  east 
  side. 
  Partic- 
  

   ularly 
  beautiful 
  in 
  their 
  scenic 
  effect, 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  in 
  their 
  form, 
  are 
  those 
  

   monuments 
  occurring 
  on 
  the 
  sloping 
  edges 
  and 
  tops 
  of 
  the 
  walls 
  above 
  

   mentioned. 
  Wherever 
  the 
  marks 
  of 
  stratification 
  are 
  noticeable, 
  the 
  

   shape 
  of 
  the 
  monuments 
  is 
  different. 
  They 
  seem 
  to 
  be 
  laterally 
  com- 
  

   pressed, 
  instead 
  of 
  showing 
  a 
  symmetrical 
  development 
  on 
  all 
  sides. 
  

  

  A 
  curious 
  incident 
  in 
  the 
  formation 
  of 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  monuments 
  was 
  

   there 
  observed 
  and 
  is 
  illustrated 
  by 
  the 
  annexed 
  cut. 
  The 
  highest 
  one 
  

   measures 
  about 
  35 
  feet. 
  Gradual 
  erosion 
  reduced 
  the 
  diameter 
  of 
  the 
  

   column 
  of 
  the 
  smaller 
  one 
  until 
  eventually 
  the 
  rock 
  in 
  the 
  upper 
  third 
  

   of 
  the 
  monument 
  was 
  reached 
  and 
  a 
  second 
  one 
  was 
  formed 
  under 
  It. 
  

   Accidentally 
  the 
  bowlder 
  in 
  question 
  had 
  its 
  position 
  in 
  a 
  vertical 
  line 
  

   under 
  the 
  first, 
  so 
  that 
  its 
  present 
  poise 
  is 
  possible. 
  Among 
  the 
  hun- 
  

   dreds 
  that 
  were 
  seen 
  there 
  this 
  is 
  the 
  only 
  instance 
  of 
  the 
  kind 
  observed. 
  

   A 
  small 
  group 
  is 
  represented 
  by 
  the 
  cut, 
  showing 
  monuments 
  in 
  several 
  

  

  " 
  Comp. 
  Report 
  on 
  Geology 
  of 
  Northern 
  California 
  and 
  Oregon, 
  J. 
  S. 
  Newberry, 
  1857; 
  

   p. 
  46. 
  

  

  