﻿446 
  REPORT 
  UNITED 
  STATES 
  GEOLOGICAL 
  SURVEY. 
  

  

  vertebrfQ. 
  The 
  female 
  measures 
  about 
  six 
  and 
  a 
  half 
  feet 
  (about 
  two 
  

   metres) 
  from 
  the 
  muzzle 
  to 
  the 
  insertion 
  of 
  the 
  tail, 
  and 
  about 
  seven 
  

   feet 
  (two 
  and 
  one 
  sixth 
  metres) 
  to 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  tail, 
  including 
  the 
  

   hairs, 
  which 
  extend 
  about 
  ten 
  inches 
  beyond 
  the 
  vertebrae. 
  The 
  height 
  

   of 
  the 
  male 
  at 
  .the 
  highest 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  hump 
  is 
  about 
  five 
  and 
  a 
  half 
  to 
  

   six 
  feet 
  (about 
  two 
  metres) 
  -, 
  of 
  the 
  female 
  at 
  the 
  same 
  point 
  about 
  five 
  

   feet 
  (about 
  one 
  and 
  a 
  half 
  metres). 
  The 
  height 
  of 
  the 
  male 
  at 
  the 
  hips 
  

   is 
  about 
  four 
  and 
  two-thirds 
  feet 
  (nearly 
  one 
  and 
  a 
  half 
  metres); 
  of 
  the 
  

   female 
  at 
  the 
  same 
  point 
  about 
  four 
  and 
  a 
  half 
  feet 
  (about 
  one 
  and 
  a 
  

   third 
  metres). 
  Audubon 
  states 
  the 
  weight 
  of 
  old 
  males 
  to 
  be 
  nearly 
  

   two 
  thousand 
  pounds, 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  full-grown 
  fat 
  females 
  to 
  be 
  about 
  

   twelve 
  hundred 
  pounds. 
  

  

  The 
  horns 
  of 
  the 
  males 
  are 
  short, 
  very 
  thick 
  at 
  the 
  base, 
  and 
  rapidly 
  

   taper 
  to 
  a 
  sharp 
  point, 
  which 
  in 
  old 
  individuals 
  becomes 
  worn 
  off 
  on 
  the 
  

   lower 
  side, 
  and 
  the 
  end 
  is 
  often 
  shortened 
  by 
  the 
  same 
  process 
  and 
  occa- 
  

   sionally 
  much 
  splintered. 
  Their 
  direction 
  is 
  outward 
  and 
  upward, 
  finally 
  

   curving 
  inv/ard. 
  The 
  horns 
  of 
  the 
  females 
  are 
  much 
  smaller 
  at 
  the 
  base 
  

   but 
  nearly 
  as 
  long 
  as 
  in 
  the 
  males, 
  but 
  they 
  taper 
  very 
  gradually, 
  and 
  are 
  

   hence 
  much 
  slenderer, 
  and 
  are 
  rather 
  more 
  incurved 
  at 
  the 
  tips, 
  where 
  

   they 
  are 
  rarely 
  abraded 
  as 
  in 
  the 
  males. 
  The 
  hoofs 
  are 
  short 
  and 
  broad, 
  

   those 
  of 
  the 
  fore 
  feet 
  abruptly 
  rounded 
  at 
  the 
  end 
  ; 
  those 
  of 
  the 
  hind 
  

   feet 
  are 
  much 
  narrower 
  and 
  more 
  pointed. 
  The 
  muffle 
  is 
  broad 
  and 
  

   naked, 
  having 
  much 
  the 
  same 
  form 
  as 
  in 
  the 
  domestic 
  ox. 
  The 
  short 
  

   tail 
  has 
  the 
  long 
  hairs 
  restricted 
  to 
  a 
  tuft 
  at 
  the 
  end. 
  

  

  In 
  winter 
  the 
  head, 
  neck, 
  legs, 
  tail, 
  and 
  whole 
  under 
  parts, 
  are 
  black- 
  

   ish-brown 
  ; 
  the 
  upper 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  body 
  lighter. 
  The 
  color 
  above 
  

   becomes 
  gradually 
  lighter 
  towards 
  spring 
  ; 
  the 
  new 
  short 
  hair 
  in 
  autumn 
  

   is 
  soft 
  dark 
  umber 
  or 
  liver-brown. 
  In 
  very 
  old 
  individuals 
  the 
  long 
  

   woolly 
  hair 
  over 
  the 
  shoulders 
  bleaches 
  to 
  a 
  light 
  yellowish-brown. 
  

   Young 
  animals 
  are 
  generally 
  wholly 
  dark 
  brown, 
  darkest 
  about 
  the 
  

   head, 
  on 
  the 
  lower 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  body, 
  and 
  on 
  the 
  limbs. 
  The 
  young 
  

   calf 
  is 
  at 
  first 
  nearly 
  uniform 
  light 
  chestnut-brown, 
  or 
  yellowish-brown, 
  

   with 
  scattered 
  darker 
  hairs 
  on 
  the 
  belly, 
  where 
  are 
  also 
  occasionally 
  small 
  

   patches 
  of 
  white. 
  Toward 
  autumn 
  the 
  light 
  yellowish 
  color 
  is 
  replaced 
  

   by 
  the 
  darker 
  brown 
  that 
  characterizes 
  the 
  older 
  animals. 
  After 
  the 
  

   first 
  few 
  months 
  the 
  younger 
  animals 
  are 
  darker 
  than 
  they 
  are 
  later 
  in 
  

   life, 
  at 
  middle 
  age 
  the 
  coat, 
  especially 
  over 
  the 
  shoulders, 
  becoming 
  

   lighter 
  and 
  presenting 
  a 
  bleached 
  or 
  faded 
  appearance, 
  which 
  increases 
  

   with 
  age. 
  The 
  horns, 
  hoofs, 
  and 
  muffle 
  are 
  black, 
  the 
  hoofs 
  being 
  

   sometimes 
  edged 
  or 
  striped 
  with 
  whitish. 
  There 
  are 
  no 
  important 
  sex- 
  

   ual 
  differences 
  in 
  color. 
  

  

  The 
  woolly 
  hair 
  over 
  the 
  shoulders 
  is 
  much 
  longer 
  and 
  more 
  shaggy 
  

   than 
  elsewhere 
  on 
  the 
  body 
  ; 
  it 
  increases 
  in 
  length 
  on 
  the 
  neck 
  above, 
  

   gradually 
  losing 
  its 
  woolly 
  character, 
  and 
  between 
  the 
  horns 
  attains 
  a 
  

   length 
  of 
  ten 
  to 
  fourteen 
  inches, 
  nearly 
  concealing 
  the 
  ears 
  and 
  the 
  

   bases 
  of 
  the 
  horns, 
  and 
  often 
  partly 
  covers 
  the 
  eyes. 
  The 
  long 
  hair 
  ad- 
  

   vances 
  also 
  on 
  the 
  face, 
  where 
  it 
  decreases 
  in 
  length 
  and 
  becomes 
  more 
  

   woolly 
  again, 
  extending 
  far 
  forward 
  in 
  a 
  pointed 
  area 
  nearly 
  to 
  the 
  

   nose. 
  The 
  chin 
  and 
  throat 
  are 
  also 
  covered 
  with 
  long 
  hair, 
  which 
  under 
  

   the 
  chin 
  forms 
  an 
  immense 
  beard, 
  eight 
  or 
  ten 
  inches 
  to 
  a 
  foot 
  or 
  more 
  

   in 
  length. 
  Thick 
  masses 
  of 
  long 
  hair 
  also 
  arise 
  from 
  the 
  inner 
  and 
  pos- 
  

   terior 
  surfaces 
  of 
  the 
  upper 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  fore 
  legs, 
  where 
  the 
  hair 
  often 
  

   attains 
  a 
  length 
  of 
  six 
  or 
  eight 
  inches. 
  A 
  strip 
  of 
  long 
  hair 
  also 
  extends 
  

   along 
  the 
  crest 
  of 
  the 
  back 
  nearly 
  to 
  the 
  tail. 
  The 
  tail 
  is 
  covered 
  

   with 
  only 
  short 
  soft 
  hair 
  till 
  near 
  the 
  tip, 
  from 
  which 
  arises 
  a 
  tufc 
  of 
  

   coarse 
  long 
  hair 
  twelve 
  to 
  eighteen 
  inches 
  in 
  length. 
  The 
  hinder 
  and 
  

  

  