﻿PACKARD.] 
  NORTHERN 
  EANGE 
  OF 
  THE 
  LOCUST, 
  607 
  

  

  Many 
  of 
  the 
  grasshoppers 
  observed, 
  according 
  to 
  reports 
  received 
  ^by 
  Mr. 
  Eiley, 
  in 
  

   Dakota, 
  at 
  Fort 
  Thompson, 
  Yankton, 
  Fort 
  Sully, 
  Springfield, 
  Fort 
  Randall, 
  and 
  Bis- 
  

   marck 
  flying 
  northward 
  and 
  northwestward 
  at 
  various 
  dates 
  in 
  Juue 
  and 
  July, 
  no 
  

   dcubt 
  eventually 
  found 
  their 
  way 
  north 
  of 
  the 
  forty-ninth 
  parallel. 
  Those 
  seen 
  at 
  

   Bismarck 
  8ibout 
  June 
  6 
  and 
  7 
  probably 
  belonged 
  to 
  the 
  earliest 
  southern 
  bauds 
  above 
  

   referred 
  to, 
  and, 
  judging 
  from 
  the 
  dates 
  given 
  by 
  Mr. 
  Riley, 
  may 
  have 
  been 
  produced 
  

   in 
  Nebraska, 
  or 
  more 
  probably 
  even 
  still 
  farther 
  south. 
  A 
  poriion 
  of 
  the 
  southern 
  and 
  

   eristern 
  array 
  i)robably 
  reached 
  Montana, 
  and 
  may 
  even 
  have 
  penetrated 
  in 
  dimin- 
  

   ished 
  numbers 
  into 
  the 
  districts 
  in 
  the 
  vicinity 
  of 
  Bow 
  River. 
  

  

  A 
  considerable 
  number 
  of 
  locusts 
  appear 
  to 
  have 
  hatched 
  at 
  about 
  the 
  same 
  date 
  as 
  

   in 
  Manitoba 
  near 
  the 
  extreme 
  western 
  margin 
  of 
  the 
  plains, 
  especially 
  in 
  the 
  couutry 
  

   near 
  Bow 
  River. 
  Foreign 
  swarms 
  arrived 
  at 
  Fort 
  McLeod 
  from 
  the 
  southwest, 
  depos- 
  

   iring 
  eggs; 
  and 
  most 
  of 
  those 
  hatching 
  near 
  Bow 
  River, 
  and 
  farther 
  north, 
  seem 
  to 
  

   have 
  gone 
  southeastward 
  early 
  in 
  August. 
  No 
  very 
  definite 
  or 
  wide-spread 
  movement 
  

   of 
  swarms 
  appears, 
  however, 
  to 
  have 
  occurred 
  during 
  the 
  summer 
  of 
  1875 
  in 
  this 
  

   region, 
  nor, 
  if 
  we 
  may 
  judge 
  from 
  the 
  very 
  meager 
  accounts 
  received, 
  in 
  the 
  corre- 
  

   sponding 
  portion 
  of 
  Montana. 
  

  

  During 
  the 
  summer 
  of 
  1875, 
  the 
  conditions 
  described 
  in 
  the 
  Notes 
  for 
  1874 
  as 
  occur- 
  

   ring 
  in 
  the 
  region 
  west 
  of 
  the 
  one 
  hundred 
  and 
  third 
  meridian 
  were 
  reproduced 
  in 
  

   Manitoba, 
  and 
  over 
  a 
  great 
  area 
  of 
  the 
  Western 
  and 
  Southwestern 
  States, 
  with 
  results 
  

   even 
  more 
  disastrous 
  to 
  the 
  crops 
  than 
  those 
  of 
  the 
  winged 
  invasion 
  of 
  the 
  previous 
  

   year. 
  We 
  do 
  not 
  hear 
  of 
  any 
  access 
  of 
  fresh 
  swarms 
  to 
  Manitoba 
  from 
  the 
  west 
  or 
  

   northwest, 
  nor 
  is 
  it 
  probable 
  that 
  any 
  such 
  occurred, 
  notwithstanding 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  in 
  

   various 
  parts 
  of 
  the 
  province 
  flights 
  are 
  reported 
  to 
  have 
  passed 
  over 
  from 
  northwest 
  

   to 
  southeast. 
  From 
  the 
  dates 
  and 
  descriptions 
  given, 
  it 
  seems 
  certain 
  that 
  these 
  were 
  

   only 
  those 
  from 
  the 
  more 
  remote 
  parts 
  of 
  the 
  province 
  itself, 
  and 
  iu 
  many 
  cases 
  the 
  

   broods 
  hatched 
  iu 
  any 
  locality 
  mingled 
  with 
  those 
  coming 
  from 
  a 
  little 
  distance, 
  and 
  

   departed 
  at 
  the 
  same 
  time. 
  

  

  The 
  most 
  remarkable 
  and 
  exceptional 
  feature 
  in 
  connection 
  with 
  the 
  appearance 
  of 
  

   the 
  locusts 
  in 
  1875 
  is 
  the 
  extensive 
  invasion 
  of 
  the 
  wooded 
  region 
  east 
  of 
  Manitoba 
  by 
  

   the 
  swarms 
  produced 
  in 
  the 
  province. 
  This 
  is 
  the 
  more 
  noticeable 
  when 
  contrasted 
  

   with 
  the 
  immunity 
  enjoyed 
  by 
  Prince 
  Albert 
  on 
  the 
  Saskatchewan, 
  alluded 
  to 
  in 
  

   last 
  year's 
  Notes, 
  which 
  is 
  owing 
  to 
  its 
  separation 
  from 
  the 
  general 
  area 
  of 
  the 
  

   plains 
  by 
  a 
  belt 
  of 
  tiiuber. 
  On 
  writing 
  to 
  Mr. 
  Clarke, 
  of 
  Carleton 
  House, 
  on 
  the 
  

   subject, 
  he 
  informs 
  me 
  that 
  this 
  protecting 
  belt 
  of 
  fir-timber 
  is 
  only 
  four 
  miles 
  

   in 
  width, 
  and 
  extends 
  completely 
  across 
  between 
  the 
  north 
  and 
  south 
  branches 
  of 
  the 
  

   Saskatchewan. 
  Judging 
  from 
  the 
  above 
  remarkable 
  fact, 
  and 
  the 
  known 
  habits 
  of 
  the 
  

   locust, 
  I 
  do 
  not 
  think 
  that 
  the 
  incursion 
  made 
  into 
  the 
  forest-country 
  can 
  be 
  looked 
  

   upon 
  as 
  anything 
  but 
  exceptional, 
  and 
  perhaps 
  showing 
  that 
  the 
  locusts 
  had 
  lost 
  their 
  

   reckoning. 
  Nor 
  do 
  I 
  believe 
  that 
  it 
  should 
  discourage 
  the 
  cultivation 
  of 
  belts 
  ofwood- 
  

   laud, 
  which 
  promises 
  to 
  effect 
  in 
  time 
  a 
  general 
  and 
  permanent 
  amelioration 
  of 
  the 
  

   grasshopper 
  plague. 
  

  

  Broadly 
  sketched, 
  the 
  movements 
  of 
  the 
  locusts 
  in 
  1875 
  conform 
  to 
  a 
  general 
  plan. 
  

   All 
  these 
  hatching 
  in 
  Minnesota, 
  Manitoba, 
  Northern 
  Dakota, 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  high 
  western 
  

   region 
  of 
  the 
  plains, 
  at 
  least 
  as 
  far 
  south 
  as 
  Colorado, 
  on 
  obtaining 
  their 
  wings, 
  went 
  

   southward, 
  and 
  this 
  in 
  some 
  instances 
  regardless 
  of 
  the 
  direction 
  from 
  which 
  their 
  

   liarcnts 
  had 
  arrived 
  in 
  the 
  previous 
  year. 
  Swarms 
  produced 
  in 
  Nebraska, 
  Missouri, 
  

   Kansas, 
  Texas, 
  and 
  Indian 
  Territory 
  flew 
  northward 
  and 
  northwestward, 
  returning 
  on 
  

   the 
  course 
  of 
  their 
  parents, 
  which 
  had 
  flown 
  southeastward 
  from 
  that 
  quarter. 
  This 
  

   movement 
  can 
  be 
  traced 
  over 
  an 
  immense 
  area, 
  from 
  the 
  northern 
  borders 
  of 
  Texas 
  

   almost 
  to 
  the 
  Saskatchewan 
  River. 
  

  

  Evidence 
  appears 
  to 
  be 
  fast 
  accumulatingto 
  show 
  that 
  the 
  general 
  and 
  normal 
  direc- 
  

   tion 
  of 
  flight 
  for 
  any 
  brood 
  is 
  to 
  return 
  toward 
  the 
  hatching-grounds 
  from 
  which 
  their 
  

   parents 
  came, 
  and 
  it 
  would 
  seem 
  that 
  to 
  completethe 
  migration-cycle 
  of 
  thelocusttwo 
  

   years 
  are 
  required. 
  The 
  tendency 
  which 
  the 
  swarms 
  show 
  to 
  migrate 
  on 
  reaching 
  

   maturity 
  cannot 
  be 
  wondered 
  at, 
  as 
  it 
  is 
  so 
  commonly 
  met 
  with 
  in 
  other 
  animals, 
  and 
  

   may 
  be 
  assisted 
  by 
  the 
  mere 
  lack 
  of 
  food 
  in 
  the 
  district 
  which 
  has 
  for 
  a 
  long 
  time 
  sup- 
  

   jiorted 
  the 
  young 
  locusts. 
  The 
  fact, 
  however 
  — 
  let 
  us 
  call 
  it 
  instinct 
  or 
  knowledge 
  — 
  that 
  

   thd 
  young, 
  while 
  amenable 
  to 
  the 
  migratory 
  tendency, 
  showadeterminatiou 
  to 
  cxeicise 
  

   it 
  in 
  a 
  direction 
  exactly 
  the 
  opposite 
  of 
  the 
  preceding 
  geneiation 
  is 
  most 
  lemaikable 
  

  

  Professor 
  Dawson 
  writes 
  me 
  that, 
  "cluriDg 
  the 
  summer 
  of 
  1876, 
  the 
  

   grasshopper 
  was 
  scarcely 
  seen 
  in 
  Manitoba, 
  and 
  a 
  tine 
  crop 
  was 
  har- 
  

   vested 
  all 
  over 
  the 
  province. 
  Manitoba 
  is 
  safe 
  tor 
  next 
  summer, 
  unless 
  

   invaded. 
  I 
  have 
  reason 
  to 
  believe, 
  however, 
  that 
  during 
  last 
  summer 
  

   the 
  locust 
  was 
  very 
  abundant 
  in 
  the 
  far 
  West, 
  on 
  the 
  plains 
  east 
  of 
  the 
  

   l;ocky 
  Mountains, 
  and 
  north 
  of 
  the 
  forty-ninth 
  parallel. 
  With 
  regard 
  

   to 
  this 
  region, 
  however, 
  I 
  have 
  only 
  general 
  information." 
  

  

  Through 
  the 
  kind 
  suggestion 
  of 
  Prof. 
  G. 
  M. 
  Dawson, 
  of 
  the 
  Canadian 
  

  

  