﻿650 
  EEPORT 
  UNITED 
  STATES 
  GEOLOGICAL 
  SURVEY, 
  

  

  In 
  August, 
  1384, 
  according 
  to 
  Mr. 
  J. 
  Boll, 
  tlioy 
  invaded 
  portions 
  of 
  

   Switzerland. 
  

  

  In 
  Germany 
  the 
  records 
  go 
  back 
  to 
  1333. 
  In 
  tills 
  year, 
  and 
  until 
  

   1336, 
  they 
  abounded. 
  Entering 
  Hungary, 
  they 
  overflowed 
  into 
  Poland 
  

   and 
  Austria. 
  They 
  then 
  divided 
  into 
  two 
  great 
  swarms, 
  one 
  of 
  which 
  

   flew 
  southerly 
  into 
  Italy, 
  the 
  other 
  into 
  France, 
  Suabia, 
  Bavaria, 
  Thu- 
  

   ringia, 
  and 
  Saxony. 
  In 
  Germany 
  they 
  again 
  occurred 
  in 
  1543. 
  In 
  1G93 
  

   they 
  invaded 
  Thuringia, 
  going 
  from 
  Hungary 
  by 
  way 
  of 
  Austria, 
  

   Schlesia, 
  and 
  Bohemia, 
  and 
  invading 
  the 
  region 
  about 
  Jena, 
  Gotha, 
  

   Erfurt, 
  and 
  Weimar. 
  

  

  In 
  Germany 
  the 
  locust 
  years 
  were 
  as 
  follows 
  : 
  1333-'36, 
  1475, 
  1527 
  

   and 
  1543, 
  163G, 
  1686. 
  1693 
  and 
  1696, 
  1712, 
  1714, 
  1715, 
  1719, 
  1727-'31, 
  1734, 
  

   1746-'50, 
  1752-'54, 
  1759, 
  1761, 
  and 
  for 
  the 
  present 
  century, 
  1803, 
  1825-'3(), 
  

   1856, 
  1859. 
  In 
  1873-74 
  small 
  numbers 
  appeared 
  in 
  swarms 
  about 
  

   Genshagen, 
  near 
  Berlin 
  ; 
  they 
  laid 
  their 
  eggs, 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  middle 
  of 
  

   June 
  of 
  1875 
  the 
  larvae 
  appeared 
  in 
  millions, 
  becoming 
  fledged 
  in 
  July. 
  

  

  Koppen 
  has 
  published 
  (Horse 
  Soc. 
  Ent. 
  Boss, 
  iii, 
  pp. 
  89-246) 
  an 
  elab- 
  

   orate 
  memoir 
  on 
  the 
  migratory 
  locust 
  of 
  Southern 
  Russia. 
  He 
  gives, 
  

   in 
  the 
  first 
  place, 
  a 
  biography 
  of 
  his 
  subject, 
  which 
  includes 
  several 
  

   mem(firs 
  published 
  in 
  Russian 
  journals. 
  With 
  regard 
  to 
  the 
  species 
  

   Koppen 
  remarks 
  on 
  the 
  various 
  opinions 
  of 
  entomologists 
  as 
  to 
  the 
  rela- 
  

   tion 
  between 
  Paehytylus 
  migratorius 
  (Linn.) 
  and 
  P. 
  einerascens 
  (Tab.), 
  and 
  

   comes 
  to 
  the 
  conclusion 
  that 
  the 
  two 
  supposed 
  species 
  are 
  to 
  be 
  regarded 
  

   as 
  varieties 
  of 
  one 
  and 
  the 
  same, 
  and 
  that 
  Edipoda 
  tatraica 
  (Motsch.) 
  is 
  

   identical 
  with 
  P. 
  einerascens. 
  The 
  form 
  which 
  he 
  met 
  with 
  most 
  abun- 
  

   dantly 
  in 
  South 
  Russia 
  is 
  the 
  true 
  P. 
  migratorius. 
  

  

  The 
  development 
  of 
  the 
  insect 
  is 
  desciibed 
  by 
  Koppen 
  in 
  detail. 
  The 
  

   eggs 
  are 
  deposited 
  by 
  the 
  females, 
  to 
  the 
  number 
  ol 
  60 
  to 
  100 
  together, 
  

   in 
  little 
  nests 
  surrounded 
  by 
  a 
  membranous 
  envelope. 
  The 
  eggs 
  are 
  

   laid 
  in 
  autumn 
  and 
  the 
  young 
  hatched 
  in 
  the 
  following 
  spring. 
  The 
  

   envelope 
  is 
  burst 
  a 
  little 
  while 
  before 
  the 
  exclusion 
  of 
  the 
  yonng. 
  The 
  

   eggs 
  display 
  a 
  great 
  power 
  of 
  resistance 
  to 
  the 
  influence 
  of 
  cold 
  ; 
  they 
  

   have 
  been 
  found 
  to 
  retain 
  their 
  vitality 
  when 
  the 
  temperature 
  reached 
  

   26° 
  Fahrenheit 
  when 
  placed 
  with 
  earth 
  in 
  a 
  large 
  glass 
  vessel. 
  

  

  The 
  larvae 
  are 
  said 
  by 
  Koppen 
  to 
  moult 
  four 
  times, 
  and 
  the 
  fourth 
  

   moult 
  produces 
  the 
  winged 
  insect. 
  The 
  different 
  stages 
  are 
  described 
  

   by 
  Koppen. 
  At 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  May 
  (1861), 
  eggs 
  taken 
  from 
  the 
  ground 
  

   showed 
  the 
  eyes, 
  antennae, 
  segments, 
  and 
  legs 
  of 
  the 
  larvae 
  distinctly 
  ; 
  

   and 
  a 
  little 
  while 
  before 
  hatching, 
  the 
  larvae 
  could 
  move 
  within 
  the 
  ^^g. 
  

   On 
  its 
  emergence 
  the 
  larva 
  is 
  yellowish-white, 
  with 
  a 
  rosy 
  tinge; 
  in 
  

   three 
  to 
  four 
  hours 
  its 
  color 
  is 
  grayish-black. 
  Before 
  and 
  during 
  each 
  

   moult 
  the 
  larvae 
  are 
  sluggish. 
  At 
  the 
  final 
  moult, 
  which 
  always 
  takes 
  

   place 
  in 
  the 
  hottest 
  sunshine, 
  the 
  animals 
  hang 
  head 
  downward, 
  by 
  the 
  

   hind 
  feet, 
  upon 
  the 
  stalks 
  of 
  grasses, 
  &c. 
  This 
  enables 
  the 
  insects 
  to 
  

   twist 
  about 
  in 
  all 
  directions, 
  in 
  order 
  to 
  free 
  themselves 
  from 
  the 
  skin. 
  

   The 
  expansion 
  of 
  the 
  wings 
  occupies 
  about 
  twenty 
  minutes 
  after 
  the 
  

   completion 
  of 
  the 
  moult 
  (twenty 
  two 
  minutes 
  according 
  to 
  Koste, 
  who 
  

   says 
  that 
  the 
  moult 
  itself 
  occupies 
  sixteen 
  minutes); 
  during 
  this 
  period 
  

   Koppen 
  observed 
  that 
  a 
  dark 
  yellow 
  fluid 
  was 
  distributed 
  over 
  the 
  

   wings 
  in 
  microscopic 
  drops. 
  The 
  period 
  which 
  elapsed 
  between 
  the 
  

   arrival 
  of 
  the 
  insect 
  at 
  the 
  winged 
  state 
  and 
  the 
  deposition 
  of 
  the 
  eggs 
  

   is 
  uncertain 
  ; 
  the 
  statements 
  of 
  different 
  authors 
  vary 
  between 
  four 
  

   weeks 
  and 
  two 
  months. 
  

  

  Kopi^en 
  describes 
  the 
  nearly 
  indiscriminate 
  voracity 
  of 
  these 
  insects, 
  

   but 
  remarks 
  that 
  certain 
  plants 
  appear 
  to 
  be 
  avoided 
  by 
  them, 
  namely, 
  

   jlax 
  and 
  hemp, 
  the 
  Ciicurbitacew, 
  and, 
  according 
  to 
  Petzholdt, 
  dwarf 
  

  

  