﻿PACKARD.] 
  THE 
  LOCUSTS 
  OF 
  THE 
  OLD 
  WORLD. 
  651 
  

  

  garden-beans. 
  The 
  Gramihece 
  seem 
  to 
  furnish 
  their 
  favorite 
  food. 
  They 
  

   prefer 
  the 
  leaves 
  and 
  other 
  soft 
  parts 
  of 
  phiiits 
  and 
  trees, 
  but 
  also 
  some- 
  

   times 
  gnaw 
  the 
  bark 
  and 
  even 
  the 
  wood 
  of 
  the 
  latter. 
  In 
  time 
  of 
  

   scarcity 
  they 
  will 
  attnck 
  straw-thatch 
  and 
  woolen 
  clothes, 
  and 
  even 
  

   devour 
  each 
  other. 
  Koppen 
  notices 
  the 
  statement 
  made 
  by 
  various 
  

   authors 
  that 
  the 
  larvse 
  for 
  the 
  first 
  ten 
  days 
  live 
  upon 
  dew, 
  and 
  treats 
  

   it 
  as 
  an 
  absurdity. 
  

  

  The 
  perfect 
  insects 
  copulate 
  almost 
  immedialely 
  after 
  the 
  last 
  change 
  

   of 
  skin. 
  The 
  union 
  of 
  the 
  sexes 
  continues 
  apparently 
  for 
  a 
  couside'r- 
  

   able 
  time, 
  from 
  twelve 
  to 
  eighteen 
  or 
  even 
  twenty-four 
  hours, 
  but 
  some- 
  

   times 
  only 
  for 
  an 
  hour 
  or 
  two. 
  The 
  female 
  carries 
  the 
  male 
  about 
  with 
  

   her, 
  and 
  feeds 
  as 
  if 
  alone 
  ; 
  she 
  is, 
  however, 
  unable 
  to 
  fly. 
  The 
  male 
  

   sits 
  quite 
  motionless, 
  only 
  giving 
  a 
  sign 
  of 
  life 
  by 
  stridulation 
  if 
  another 
  

   male 
  should 
  approach. 
  

  

  The 
  eggs 
  are 
  deposited 
  about 
  seven 
  days 
  after 
  copulation, 
  according 
  

   to 
  Koste. 
  The 
  female 
  digs 
  a 
  hole 
  in 
  the 
  earth 
  of 
  about 
  1^ 
  inches, 
  by 
  

   means 
  of 
  the 
  hook-like 
  horny 
  organs 
  of 
  the 
  apex 
  of 
  the 
  abdomen, 
  and 
  

   the 
  eggs 
  are 
  then 
  laid 
  in 
  cylindrical 
  masses, 
  usually 
  i)laced 
  at 
  an 
  angle 
  

   of 
  about 
  450 
  to 
  the 
  surface. 
  The 
  eggs 
  are 
  united 
  by 
  a 
  spongy 
  mass 
  

   (cement), 
  which 
  also 
  envelopes 
  the 
  whole 
  outside 
  of 
  the 
  mass 
  ; 
  here, 
  by 
  

   the 
  adhesion 
  of 
  grains 
  of 
  sand, 
  small 
  stones, 
  &c., 
  it 
  forms 
  a 
  sort 
  of 
  wall 
  

   which 
  protects 
  the 
  eggs 
  from 
  injurious 
  external 
  influences. 
  The 
  mass 
  

   is 
  sometimes 
  formed 
  wholly 
  or 
  partially 
  of 
  the 
  frothy 
  cement 
  without 
  

   eggs. 
  Yersin 
  ascribes 
  this 
  to 
  a 
  morbid 
  condition 
  of 
  the 
  female, 
  and 
  

   doubts 
  whether 
  the 
  few 
  eggs 
  contained 
  in 
  such 
  masses 
  are 
  capable 
  of 
  

   development. 
  Kop[)en 
  has 
  found, 
  on 
  removing 
  the 
  female 
  insect, 
  that 
  

   the 
  pit 
  which 
  it 
  had 
  dug 
  was 
  filled 
  with 
  the 
  frothy 
  mass 
  without 
  any 
  

   eggs. 
  This 
  seems 
  to 
  the 
  recorder 
  to 
  indicate 
  rather 
  that 
  the 
  cement 
  

   mass 
  is 
  first 
  produced 
  by 
  the 
  insect, 
  and 
  the 
  eggs 
  afterward 
  laid 
  in 
  it. 
  

   The 
  nests 
  found 
  containing 
  the 
  spongy 
  mass 
  without 
  eggs 
  would 
  then 
  

   be 
  easily 
  accounted 
  for, 
  on 
  the 
  supposition 
  that 
  the 
  females 
  were 
  dis- 
  

   turbed 
  or 
  destroyed 
  when 
  just 
  about 
  commencing 
  the 
  actual 
  business 
  

   of 
  oviposition. 
  The 
  number 
  of 
  eggs 
  laid 
  in 
  each 
  nest 
  seems 
  to 
  vary 
  

   from 
  50 
  to 
  90 
  or 
  100, 
  and 
  the 
  ovary 
  of 
  the 
  female 
  contains 
  from 
  100 
  to 
  

   150 
  eggs, 
  according 
  to 
  Kriiuitz. 
  The 
  question 
  whether 
  the 
  females 
  cop- 
  

   ulate 
  more 
  than 
  once 
  has 
  been 
  much 
  discussed 
  in 
  Russia, 
  and 
  from 
  the 
  

   author's 
  statements 
  it 
  would 
  appear 
  that 
  the 
  popular 
  opinion 
  is 
  that 
  the 
  

   act 
  of 
  copulation 
  only 
  takes 
  place 
  once. 
  From 
  Koste's 
  observations, 
  

   however, 
  it 
  is 
  certain 
  that 
  the 
  females 
  copulate 
  and 
  deposit 
  their 
  eggs 
  

   several 
  times. 
  He 
  observed 
  a 
  female 
  in 
  confinement 
  which 
  copulated 
  

   with 
  six 
  different 
  males 
  before 
  laying 
  her 
  first 
  batch 
  of 
  eggs 
  ; 
  and 
  after- 
  

   ward 
  the 
  same 
  phenomena 
  were 
  repeated 
  four 
  times, 
  the 
  insect 
  dying 
  

   when 
  engaged 
  in 
  oviposition 
  for 
  the 
  sixth 
  time. 
  From 
  his 
  own 
  observa- 
  

   tions, 
  and 
  those 
  of 
  other 
  authors, 
  Koppen 
  regards 
  it 
  as 
  most 
  probable 
  

   that 
  copulation 
  and 
  oviposition 
  are 
  repeated 
  usually 
  at 
  lease 
  three 
  times 
  

   by 
  each 
  female, 
  perhaps 
  at 
  intervals 
  of 
  about 
  a 
  month, 
  as 
  stated 
  by 
  

   Yersin, 
  the 
  total 
  number 
  of 
  eggs 
  being 
  from 
  160 
  to 
  170.* 
  

  

  Upon 
  the 
  rapidity 
  of 
  movement 
  of 
  locusts 
  in 
  the 
  larval 
  condition 
  the 
  

  

  *Ia 
  an 
  article 
  by 
  V. 
  Graber 
  " 
  on 
  polygamy 
  and 
  other 
  sexnal 
  relationships 
  in 
  the 
  Or- 
  

   thoplera" 
  (Verbandlungen 
  der 
  zool.-botanischer 
  Gesellsch. 
  in 
  Wien, 
  xxi, 
  pp. 
  1091- 
  

   1U9G, 
  Zoological 
  Record 
  for 
  1871), 
  the 
  author 
  details 
  experiments 
  regarding 
  polygamy 
  

   and 
  repeated 
  copulations 
  in 
  some 
  orthopterous 
  insects. 
  A 
  male 
  and 
  female 
  were 
  ob- 
  

   served 
  in 
  coitu 
  eight 
  distinct 
  times 
  between 
  May 
  21 
  and 
  June 
  1 
  ; 
  after 
  the 
  sixth 
  con- 
  

   nection 
  the 
  female 
  began 
  to 
  deposit 
  eggs. 
  A 
  second 
  male, 
  which 
  had 
  already 
  fecun- 
  

   dated 
  several 
  females, 
  was 
  then 
  placed 
  with 
  her, 
  and 
  she 
  paired 
  at 
  least 
  five 
  tirnes 
  with 
  

   him. 
  AuaL)gous 
  results 
  followed 
  experiments 
  upon 
  Pezotetiix 
  pedcstris, 
  and 
  he 
  believea 
  

   that 
  polygamy 
  and 
  polyandry 
  exist 
  in 
  many 
  species. 
  

  

  