﻿PACKARD.] 
  THE 
  LOCUSTS 
  OF 
  THE 
  OLD 
  WORLD. 
  653 
  

  

  Kiintsler 
  reports 
  this 
  insect 
  as 
  injurious 
  to 
  corn-crops 
  in 
  Austria 
  in 
  

   186(j 
  and 
  1867. 
  

  

  The 
  ravages 
  of 
  the 
  locust 
  in 
  Bavaria 
  have 
  been 
  discussed 
  by 
  Jaeckel,* 
  

   who 
  cites 
  various 
  records 
  of 
  the 
  visits 
  of 
  this 
  species 
  in 
  swarms 
  during 
  

   tbe 
  lourteenth 
  century, 
  one 
  toward 
  the 
  close 
  of 
  the 
  fifteenth, 
  and 
  one 
  

   at 
  the 
  eud 
  of 
  the 
  seventeenth 
  century, 
  and 
  gives 
  a 
  long 
  account 
  of 
  a 
  

   similar 
  visitation 
  in 
  1749. 
  Since 
  that 
  year 
  no 
  swarms 
  of 
  locusts 
  have 
  

   occurred 
  in 
  Bavaria. 
  

  

  Gerstaecker 
  in 
  a 
  recent 
  workt 
  on 
  the 
  European 
  locust, 
  which 
  seems 
  to 
  

   be 
  mainly, 
  however, 
  a 
  compilation, 
  writes 
  as 
  follows 
  regarding 
  the 
  

   European 
  locust 
  : 
  

  

  That 
  copulation 
  can 
  be 
  accomplished 
  very 
  soon 
  after 
  emerging 
  from 
  the 
  last 
  larva- 
  

   skin 
  (he 
  does 
  not 
  name 
  a 
  cwjja 
  stage), 
  is 
  shown 
  by 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  one 
  occasionally 
  fiuds 
  

   individuals 
  engaged 
  iu 
  the 
  act 
  while 
  the 
  wings 
  are 
  still 
  tender 
  and 
  have 
  not 
  attained 
  

   their 
  full 
  color. 
  But 
  the 
  act 
  is 
  as 
  a 
  rule 
  performed 
  in 
  the 
  course 
  of 
  several 
  days 
  (after 
  

   becoming 
  winged), 
  or 
  even 
  after 
  a 
  still 
  longer 
  period. 
  

  

  The 
  male 
  lets 
  the 
  female 
  free 
  in 
  the 
  course 
  of 
  twelve 
  to 
  twenty 
  minutes, 
  after 
  which 
  

   the 
  female, 
  before 
  proceeding 
  to 
  lay, 
  employs 
  herself 
  in 
  feeding 
  again 
  for 
  several 
  days. 
  

   As 
  soon 
  as 
  her 
  eggs 
  are 
  ripe, 
  which, 
  according 
  to 
  Kosteu, 
  requires 
  seven 
  days 
  on 
  the 
  

   average, 
  she 
  seeks 
  a 
  satisfactory 
  spot 
  to 
  deposit 
  them. 
  (He 
  then 
  describes 
  the 
  act 
  of 
  

   laying 
  much 
  like 
  Professor 
  Riley.) 
  The 
  eggs 
  are 
  generally 
  found 
  at 
  a 
  depth 
  of 
  4 
  centi- 
  

   metres, 
  or 
  more, 
  below 
  the 
  surface. 
  In 
  this 
  act, 
  requiring 
  considerable 
  time, 
  she 
  iiy 
  no 
  

   means 
  rids 
  herself 
  of 
  her 
  whcde 
  stock 
  of 
  eggs 
  at 
  once, 
  but 
  may 
  pass 
  several 
  weeks 
  

   even 
  iu 
  perfecting 
  them. 
  Possibly 
  for 
  a 
  second 
  or 
  third 
  deposit 
  of 
  the 
  egg-mass 
  a 
  re- 
  

   newal 
  of 
  copulation 
  is 
  necessary. 
  At 
  least 
  such 
  a 
  repetition 
  has 
  been 
  noticed 
  in 
  the 
  

   case 
  of 
  females 
  that 
  had 
  already 
  been 
  found 
  laying, 
  and 
  has 
  always 
  been 
  followed 
  by 
  

   a 
  new 
  deposit 
  of 
  eggs. 
  Tu 
  all 
  cases, 
  whether 
  after 
  a 
  single 
  or 
  repeated 
  coupliug, 
  which 
  

   latter 
  may 
  depend 
  upon 
  the 
  relative 
  number 
  of 
  males, 
  and 
  the 
  temperature 
  of 
  the 
  

   season, 
  a 
  division 
  is 
  made 
  of 
  the 
  egg-stock 
  into 
  several 
  deposits 
  as 
  is 
  shown 
  by 
  the 
  fact 
  

   that 
  the 
  larger 
  egg-pods 
  seldom 
  contain 
  more 
  than 
  one-half, 
  and 
  the 
  smaller 
  very 
  gen- 
  

   erally 
  a 
  much 
  smaller 
  fraction 
  of 
  the 
  whole 
  mass 
  of 
  eggs 
  produced 
  by 
  one 
  female, 
  

   which 
  mass 
  may 
  amount 
  to 
  one 
  hundred 
  and 
  fifty 
  or 
  more. 
  With 
  the 
  last 
  deposit 
  the 
  

   female 
  has 
  accomplished 
  her 
  destiny, 
  so 
  that 
  she 
  not 
  seldom 
  remains 
  dead 
  on 
  the 
  spot 
  

   where 
  the 
  laying 
  occurred. 
  On 
  the 
  other 
  hand 
  the 
  males 
  even 
  after 
  reiieated 
  coupling, 
  

   and 
  with 
  several 
  females, 
  appear 
  to 
  be 
  able 
  to 
  prolong 
  their 
  life, 
  and 
  may 
  be 
  found 
  

   alive 
  as 
  late 
  as 
  October. 
  

  

  From 
  the 
  comparatively 
  long 
  time 
  during 
  which 
  the 
  winged 
  locusts 
  may 
  be 
  found, 
  

   extending 
  very 
  commonly 
  from 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  July 
  to 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  September, 
  it 
  must 
  not 
  

   be 
  at 
  once 
  concluded 
  that 
  tbe 
  life 
  of 
  an 
  individual 
  is 
  correspondingly 
  long. 
  

  

  In 
  selecting 
  a 
  spot 
  for 
  the 
  perfection 
  of 
  this 
  egg 
  (packet) 
  dryne^ 
  s 
  is 
  of 
  the 
  first 
  im- 
  

   portance 
  to 
  the 
  female, 
  and 
  besides 
  this 
  a 
  certain 
  degree 
  of 
  hardness. 
  Tbey 
  prefer 
  

   loamy 
  and 
  clayey 
  ground 
  to 
  pure 
  sand. 
  Besides 
  this, 
  a 
  spot 
  is 
  naturally 
  selected 
  which 
  

   otters 
  suitable 
  and 
  plentiful 
  food 
  to 
  the 
  hatching 
  brood. 
  

  

  Fallow 
  iields 
  lying 
  alongside 
  cultivated 
  fields 
  and 
  meadows 
  appear 
  to 
  present 
  an 
  

   unusual 
  attraction 
  to 
  the 
  female 
  when 
  ready 
  to 
  lay. 
  That 
  the 
  eggs, 
  as 
  such, 
  winter 
  

   over 
  under 
  the 
  surface 
  can 
  be 
  set 
  down 
  as 
  a 
  matter 
  of 
  common 
  observation. 
  The 
  

   young 
  brood 
  generally 
  do 
  not 
  hatch 
  before 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  April. 
  

  

  The 
  geographical 
  distribution 
  of* 
  the 
  migratory 
  locust 
  of 
  Europe 
  and 
  

   Asia 
  {Pachytylus 
  migratorius) 
  has 
  been 
  discussed 
  by 
  Heir 
  ¥. 
  T. 
  Koppen 
  in 
  

   Petermanu's 
  " 
  Mittheilungen 
  aus 
  Justus 
  Perthe's 
  Geographischer 
  An- 
  

   stalt," 
  (1871, 
  p. 
  361,) 
  his 
  paper 
  being 
  accompanied 
  by 
  a 
  map 
  showing 
  

   the 
  range 
  of 
  the 
  insect. 
  I 
  translate 
  an 
  abstract 
  of 
  it 
  by 
  M. 
  Preudhomme 
  

  

  * 
  Correspondenz-Blatt 
  der 
  Zool. 
  Mineralogisch 
  Verein, 
  Regensburg, 
  xxi.pp. 
  83-93. 
  

   See 
  Zoological 
  Record 
  tor 
  1867, 
  Verhaudlungcn 
  Zool. 
  Bot. 
  Gesellscbaft, 
  iu 
  VVieu, 
  xvil, 
  

   pp. 
  <>30-93-2, 
  Zool. 
  Record 
  for 
  1867. 
  

  

  f'Die 
  Wauderheuschrecke. 
  (Oedipoda 
  Migratoria 
  Lin.) 
  Gemeinverstaendliche 
  

   Darstellung 
  ibreu 
  Naturgeschichte, 
  Lebensweise, 
  Schiidlicbkeit, 
  nnd 
  der 
  Mittel 
  zn 
  Hirer 
  

   Vertilgung. 
  Im 
  Auftrage 
  des 
  Konigl. 
  Preuss. 
  Ministeiinms 
  liir 
  die 
  landwirtbschaft- 
  

   licheu 
  Angelegenheiteu 
  verfasst 
  von 
  Dr. 
  A. 
  Gerstaecker, 
  Prof, 
  an 
  der 
  Universitiit 
  in 
  

   Berlin. 
  Mit 
  9 
  Abbiidungen 
  auf 
  2 
  Tafeln 
  in 
  Farbendruck, 
  Berlin, 
  1876. 
  67 
  ])p." 
  

  

  For 
  the 
  above 
  translation 
  I 
  am 
  indebted 
  to 
  Mr. 
  Whitman, 
  who 
  has 
  kindly 
  called 
  my 
  

   attention 
  to 
  the 
  work. 
  

  

  