﻿PACKARD.] 
  THE 
  JOINT- 
  WORM. 
  693 
  

  

  farmers 
  to 
  protect 
  themselves 
  is 
  to 
  dig 
  trenches 
  around 
  their 
  fields 
  into 
  which 
  the 
  crickets 
  

   fall 
  iu 
  enormous 
  crowds 
  and 
  are 
  killed 
  by 
  their 
  own 
  numbers. 
  The 
  upper 
  individuals, 
  

   however, 
  manage 
  to 
  niake 
  a 
  bridge 
  of 
  the 
  bodies 
  of 
  their 
  companions, 
  and 
  sometimes 
  

   cross 
  the 
  ditches 
  in 
  great 
  quantities. 
  Pigs 
  eat 
  these 
  insects 
  very 
  greedily. 
  They 
  seem 
  

   to 
  be 
  periodical 
  iu 
  their 
  appearance, 
  the 
  great 
  swarms 
  only 
  occurring 
  once 
  in 
  six 
  years. 
  

   I 
  think 
  their 
  depredations 
  are 
  mostly 
  committed 
  iu 
  the 
  night, 
  as 
  I 
  saw 
  none 
  during 
  the 
  

   heat 
  of 
  the 
  day, 
  but 
  toward 
  twilight 
  they 
  swarmed 
  ou 
  the 
  stems 
  of 
  artemisia 
  and 
  other 
  

   low 
  plants, 
  and 
  were 
  exceedingly 
  active." 
  

  

  Description 
  of 
  Analtrus 
  simplex. 
  — 
  Dark 
  shining 
  brown, 
  posterior 
  femora 
  with 
  an 
  ex- 
  

   ternal 
  and 
  internal 
  row 
  of 
  small 
  spines 
  beneath 
  upon 
  the 
  posterior 
  extremity; 
  tibiaa 
  

   angular, 
  with 
  a 
  row 
  of 
  spines 
  upon 
  each 
  side 
  above, 
  and 
  two 
  approximate 
  rows 
  beneath, 
  

   with 
  the 
  spines 
  alternating. 
  Length, 
  fifteen 
  lines, 
  pronotum 
  six, 
  ovipositor 
  twelve, 
  pos- 
  

   terior 
  femora 
  and 
  tibite, 
  each 
  eleven, 
  and 
  tarsi 
  three 
  and 
  a 
  half. 
  This 
  seems 
  to 
  be 
  one 
  

   of 
  the 
  species 
  which 
  is 
  eaten 
  by 
  the 
  aborigines 
  of 
  the 
  Valley 
  of 
  the 
  Great 
  Salt 
  Lake.; 
  — 
  

   (Haldemau 
  iu 
  Stausbury's 
  Report, 
  1855, 
  p. 
  37*2. 
  

  

  Anahrus 
  lialdemani 
  Girard. 
  — 
  Antennte 
  long 
  and 
  filiform, 
  reaching 
  posteriorly 
  the 
  

   base 
  of 
  the 
  ovipositor; 
  pronotum 
  short, 
  broad; 
  femora 
  smooth, 
  yellowish; 
  feet 
  and 
  

   ovipositor 
  reddish-purple. 
  Posterior 
  margin 
  of 
  pronotum 
  black, 
  with 
  two 
  j)aral]el 
  

   black 
  bauds 
  on 
  the 
  jDosterior 
  third 
  of 
  its 
  length. 
  

  

  Description. 
  — 
  The 
  abdomen 
  above 
  exhibits 
  ten 
  segments 
  or 
  articulations, 
  the 
  an- 
  

   terior 
  or 
  basal 
  one 
  being, 
  as 
  stated 
  above, 
  covered 
  by 
  the 
  posterior 
  prolongation 
  of 
  the 
  

   pronotum. 
  Beneath 
  there 
  are 
  seven 
  subquadrangular 
  plates, 
  situated 
  opposite 
  to 
  the 
  

   seven 
  middle 
  upper 
  segments. 
  The 
  posterior 
  segments 
  inclose 
  another 
  piece 
  bearing 
  

   two 
  spine-like 
  abdominal 
  appendages 
  — 
  one 
  on 
  eacli 
  side. 
  The 
  ovipositor 
  is 
  as 
  long 
  aa 
  

   the 
  abdomen, 
  and 
  entirely 
  smooth. 
  The 
  base 
  of 
  the 
  antennse 
  is 
  situated 
  above 
  the 
  

   eyes, 
  aud 
  inserted 
  upon 
  an 
  angular 
  movable 
  piece. 
  The 
  joints 
  composing 
  these 
  organs 
  

   are 
  very 
  short, 
  and 
  provided 
  with 
  minute 
  setse. 
  The 
  tibiae 
  are 
  provided 
  with 
  four 
  

   rows 
  of 
  spines, 
  two 
  anterior 
  and 
  two 
  posterior; 
  the 
  internal 
  posterior 
  row 
  being 
  the 
  

   stoutest. 
  The 
  posterior 
  rows 
  are 
  more 
  densely 
  set 
  with 
  spines, 
  while 
  the 
  latter 
  are 
  

   scattered 
  and 
  alternate 
  with 
  each 
  other 
  in 
  the 
  anterior 
  rows. 
  The 
  first 
  and 
  cordate 
  

   joint 
  of 
  the 
  tarsi 
  is 
  the 
  longest, 
  the 
  second 
  is 
  the 
  shortest, 
  and, 
  from 
  the 
  middle 
  of 
  the 
  

   third, 
  a 
  fourth 
  slender 
  and 
  long 
  joint 
  arises, 
  slightly 
  convex 
  above, 
  and 
  terminating 
  

   iu 
  two 
  spines 
  or 
  claws 
  curved 
  inward 
  and 
  outward. 
  The 
  ground-color 
  above 
  and 
  be- 
  

   low 
  is 
  yellowish 
  ; 
  the 
  antennse, 
  limbs, 
  and 
  ovipositor 
  are 
  of 
  a 
  reddish-purple. 
  The 
  

   posterior 
  margin 
  of 
  the 
  pronotum 
  is 
  black. 
  Two 
  parallel 
  black 
  vittse, 
  inclosing 
  a 
  car- 
  

   row 
  yellow 
  one, 
  are 
  observed 
  on 
  each 
  side 
  of 
  the 
  dorsal 
  line, 
  upon 
  the 
  posterior 
  third 
  

   of 
  the 
  pronotum. 
  The 
  posterior 
  portion 
  of 
  the 
  upper 
  abdominal 
  segments 
  is 
  occasion- 
  

   ally 
  of 
  a 
  deep-brown 
  hue. 
  

  

  This 
  species 
  differs 
  from 
  Anabrus 
  simplex 
  Hald,, 
  by 
  a 
  proportionally 
  much 
  shorter 
  

   pronotum. 
  — 
  (Girard 
  in 
  Marcy's 
  Report 
  of 
  Explorations 
  on 
  the 
  Red 
  River 
  of 
  Texas, 
  p. 
  

   248.) 
  

  

  So 
  large 
  and 
  conspicuous 
  an 
  insert 
  as 
  the 
  Anabrus 
  is 
  easily 
  kept 
  

   under 
  by 
  the 
  means 
  already 
  suggested 
  iu 
  treating 
  of 
  the 
  locust. 
  

  

  INSECTS 
  SPECIALLY 
  INJURIOUS 
  TO 
  WHEAT, 
  OATS, 
  BAR- 
  

   LEY, 
  ETC. 
  

  

  A. 
  — 
  Affecting 
  the 
  root 
  and 
  stalk. 
  

  

  The 
  JOINT-WORM, 
  Isosoma 
  Jiordei 
  of 
  Walsh, 
  Eurytoma 
  liordei 
  of 
  Harris. 
  

  

  A 
  minute, 
  footless, 
  yellowish-white 
  maggot 
  forming 
  blister-like 
  swellings 
  between 
  

   the 
  second 
  and 
  third 
  joints 
  of 
  the 
  stalk, 
  immediately 
  above 
  the 
  lower 
  joint 
  iu 
  the 
  

   sheathing-base 
  of 
  the 
  leaf; 
  remaining 
  through 
  the 
  winter 
  in 
  the 
  stubble, 
  straw, 
  or 
  

   harvested 
  grain, 
  and 
  changing 
  into 
  a 
  small, 
  slender, 
  black, 
  four-winged 
  insect, 
  which 
  

   deposits 
  its 
  eggs 
  in 
  the 
  stalks 
  of 
  young 
  wheat 
  late 
  iu 
  May 
  and 
  in 
  June. 
  

  

  This 
  insect, 
  belonging 
  to 
  a 
  group 
  of 
  chalcid 
  flies 
  which 
  are, 
  as 
  a 
  rule, 
  

   parasitic 
  on 
  other 
  insects, 
  is 
  a 
  vegetarian, 
  and 
  parasitic 
  on 
  the 
  stalks 
  of 
  

   wheat 
  and 
  other 
  cereals, 
  living 
  on 
  the 
  sap, 
  and 
  by 
  its 
  presence 
  causing 
  

   the 
  formation 
  of 
  blister-like 
  galls 
  or 
  tumors 
  on 
  the 
  lower 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  

   stalk. 
  When 
  the 
  wheat 
  or 
  barley 
  is 
  from 
  8 
  to 
  10 
  inches 
  high 
  its 
  growth 
  

   becomes 
  suddenly 
  checked, 
  the 
  lower 
  leaves 
  turn 
  yellow, 
  and 
  the 
  stalks 
  

   become 
  bent. 
  If 
  the 
  buts 
  of 
  the 
  straw 
  are 
  now 
  examined 
  they 
  will 
  be 
  

   found 
  to 
  be 
  irregularly 
  swollen 
  and 
  discolored 
  between 
  the 
  second 
  and 
  

   third 
  joints, 
  and, 
  instead 
  of 
  being 
  hollow, 
  are 
  rendered 
  solid, 
  hard, 
  

  

  