﻿708 
  

  

  REPORT 
  UNITED 
  STATES 
  GEOLOGICAL 
  SURVEY. 
  

  

  Fig. 
  7. 
  — 
  a, 
  male 
  moth; 
  6, 
  abdomen 
  of 
  female 
  — 
  natural 
  size; 
  

   c, 
  eye 
  ; 
  d, 
  base 
  of 
  male 
  antennas 
  ; 
  e. 
  base 
  of 
  female 
  antenna; 
  

   enlarged.— 
  (After 
  Eiley.) 
  

  

  thread-like 
  liues 
  : 
  while 
  the 
  upper 
  part 
  is 
  dark, 
  with 
  an 
  interrupted 
  white 
  thread 
  

   running 
  exactly 
  through 
  the 
  middle 
  of 
  the 
  back. 
  The 
  prolega, 
  ten 
  in 
  number, 
  are 
  i 
  

  

  marked 
  on 
  their 
  outer 
  middle 
  and 
  \ 
  

   on 
  their 
  tip 
  with 
  black. 
  Beneath, 
  ; 
  

   the 
  caterpillar 
  is 
  of 
  a 
  livid 
  green, 
  i 
  

  

  Most 
  of 
  the 
  Maine 
  species 
  of 
  Leu- 
  

   cania 
  have 
  light-colored 
  wings, 
  with 
  

   dark 
  streaks 
  and 
  dots, 
  but 
  the 
  uni- 
  

   punota 
  is 
  larger 
  and 
  darker 
  colored. 
  

   Its 
  prevailing 
  hues 
  are 
  rusty 
  gray- 
  

   ish-brown, 
  sprinkled 
  or 
  peppered 
  

   sparsely 
  with 
  black 
  scales. 
  The 
  

   upper 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  head, 
  the 
  front 
  

   part 
  of 
  the 
  thorax 
  or 
  collar, 
  and 
  

   front 
  margin 
  of 
  the 
  fore 
  wing, 
  are 
  of 
  

   a 
  lighter 
  shade. 
  Between 
  the 
  front 
  

   margin 
  of 
  the 
  fore 
  wing 
  and 
  the 
  

   vein, 
  or 
  raised 
  line 
  reaching 
  out 
  to 
  

   the 
  white 
  spot 
  in 
  the 
  center, 
  is 
  a 
  rusty 
  patch. 
  Just 
  beyond, 
  about 
  half-way 
  between 
  

   the 
  white 
  dot 
  and 
  the 
  outer 
  edge, 
  is 
  a 
  row 
  of 
  about 
  ten 
  black 
  dots, 
  situated 
  on 
  the 
  veins, 
  

   running 
  toward 
  the 
  apex 
  of 
  the 
  wing, 
  but 
  the 
  last 
  three 
  are 
  deflected 
  at 
  a 
  right 
  angle 
  

   inward 
  and 
  up 
  to 
  the 
  front 
  margin, 
  while 
  a 
  dark 
  line 
  starts 
  from 
  the 
  corner 
  or 
  curve 
  

   in 
  the 
  line 
  of 
  dots, 
  and 
  proceeds 
  to 
  the 
  upper 
  angle 
  or 
  apex 
  of 
  the 
  wing. 
  The 
  little 
  

   veins 
  of 
  the 
  outer 
  edge 
  are 
  silvery, 
  and 
  between 
  them, 
  in 
  a 
  row 
  next 
  to 
  the 
  fringe, 
  can 
  

   just 
  be 
  seen 
  little 
  black 
  dots. 
  

  

  ' 
  The 
  hind 
  wings 
  are 
  pearly 
  smoke-colored, 
  darker 
  toward 
  the 
  outer 
  edge, 
  with 
  a 
  

   central 
  spot 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  color, 
  which 
  can 
  be 
  seen 
  on 
  the 
  under 
  side. 
  

  

  Beneath, 
  the 
  moth 
  is 
  a 
  light 
  pearly-gray. 
  The 
  fore 
  wings 
  are 
  clouded 
  in 
  the 
  middle, 
  

   with 
  a 
  dark 
  spot 
  on 
  the 
  front 
  margin, 
  one-fourth 
  of 
  the 
  way 
  from 
  the 
  tip. 
  The 
  fore 
  

   wings 
  are 
  rather 
  more 
  pointed 
  in 
  this 
  species 
  than 
  the 
  other. 
  The 
  body 
  measures 
  

   nearly 
  an 
  inch 
  long, 
  and 
  the 
  wings 
  exxDand 
  a 
  little 
  over 
  an 
  inch 
  and 
  one-half. 
  

  

  Summary. 
  — 
  The 
  army- 
  worm 
  moth 
  appears 
  late 
  in 
  the 
  summer 
  or 
  early 
  

   in 
  the 
  autumn, 
  when 
  it 
  hybernates, 
  after 
  laying 
  its 
  eggs 
  near 
  the 
  roots 
  

   of 
  perennial 
  grasses 
  ; 
  or 
  it 
  hybernates 
  in 
  the 
  chrysalis 
  state 
  and 
  ovi- 
  

   posits 
  in 
  April 
  and 
  May 
  southward 
  ; 
  later, 
  northward. 
  The 
  eggs 
  hatch 
  

   and 
  the 
  young 
  appear 
  eight 
  or 
  ten 
  days 
  after, 
  and 
  the 
  worms 
  are 
  most 
  

   destructive 
  in 
  wet 
  summer 
  succeeding 
  a 
  dry 
  one, 
  when 
  the 
  " 
  wheat 
  is 
  in 
  

   the 
  milk." 
  The 
  caterpillar 
  state 
  took 
  a 
  month 
  ; 
  the 
  chrysalis 
  state 
  two 
  

   weeks. 
  The 
  species 
  is 
  mostly 
  confined 
  to 
  the 
  Middle 
  and 
  l!^orthern 
  

   States. 
  Besides 
  external 
  enemies 
  it 
  has 
  eight 
  internal 
  jDarasites. 
  The 
  

   best 
  way 
  to 
  exterminate 
  the 
  worm 
  is 
  to 
  burn 
  meadows 
  and 
  grass-lands, 
  

   where 
  the 
  insect 
  lays 
  its 
  eggs, 
  in 
  the 
  autumn. 
  

  

  European 
  Wheat-Flies. 
  — 
  Several 
  very 
  destructive 
  flies 
  are 
  known 
  

   in 
  Europe 
  to 
  injure 
  the 
  stalks 
  and 
  leaves 
  of 
  wheat 
  and 
  other 
  cereals, 
  

   and 
  as 
  they 
  are 
  liable 
  to 
  be 
  imported 
  into 
  this 
  country, 
  I 
  will 
  refer 
  to 
  

   them. 
  The 
  Oscinis 
  granarius 
  in 
  England 
  lives 
  in 
  the 
  stalks 
  of 
  wheat; 
  

   Oscinis 
  vastator 
  in 
  Europe 
  damages 
  wheat 
  and 
  barley 
  by 
  eating 
  the 
  base 
  

   of 
  the 
  stalk. 
  The 
  larva 
  becomes 
  fully 
  grown 
  late 
  in 
  June, 
  and 
  a 
  month 
  

   later 
  the 
  Hy 
  appears. 
  It 
  is 
  said 
  to 
  be 
  attacked 
  by 
  numerous 
  Pteroma- 
  

   lus 
  parasites, 
  and 
  a 
  minute 
  Frototruj)id 
  ichneumon 
  oviposits 
  in 
  its 
  eggs. 
  

   Allied 
  species 
  causes 
  the 
  disease 
  called 
  " 
  gout," 
  producing 
  swellings 
  

   twice 
  the 
  size 
  of 
  the 
  stalks 
  of 
  wheat 
  and 
  barley. 
  Oscinis 
  frit 
  affects 
  

   the 
  ears 
  of 
  barley, 
  in 
  certain 
  years 
  destroying 
  one-tenth 
  of 
  the 
  entire 
  

   crop. 
  Two 
  species 
  of 
  another 
  genus 
  {Chlorops) 
  are 
  especially 
  injurious 
  

   in 
  Europe. 
  Chlorops 
  Uneata 
  destroys 
  the 
  central 
  leaves 
  and 
  the 
  plant 
  

   itself, 
  the 
  female 
  ovipositing 
  on 
  stems 
  when 
  the 
  wheat 
  begins 
  to 
  show 
  

   the 
  ear. 
  In 
  two 
  weeks 
  the 
  eggs 
  hatch 
  and 
  the 
  fly 
  appears 
  in 
  September. 
  

   Chlorops 
  herpinii 
  attacks 
  the 
  ears 
  of 
  barley, 
  from 
  six 
  to 
  ten 
  larvas 
  being 
  

   found 
  in 
  the 
  ears, 
  destroying 
  the 
  flowers 
  and 
  rendering 
  them 
  sterile. 
  

   In 
  dealing 
  with 
  these 
  insects 
  plowing 
  in 
  has 
  been 
  found 
  to 
  be 
  of 
  no 
  

   use, 
  and 
  the 
  best 
  preventive 
  measure 
  is 
  the 
  rotation 
  of 
  crops. 
  

  

  