﻿PACKARD.] 
  THE 
  EUROPEAN 
  CABBAGE-BUTTERFLY. 
  747 
  

  

  They 
  suspend 
  themselves 
  by 
  the 
  tail 
  and 
  a 
  transverse 
  loop, 
  and 
  their 
  

   chrysalids 
  are 
  angular 
  at 
  the 
  sides 
  and 
  pointed 
  at 
  both 
  ends 
  (Harris). 
  

   Pieris 
  oleracea 
  is 
  white, 
  with 
  the 
  wings 
  dusky 
  next 
  the 
  body. 
  The 
  tips 
  

   of 
  the 
  fore 
  wings 
  are 
  yellowish 
  beneath 
  and 
  the 
  hind 
  wings 
  are 
  straw- 
  

   colored 
  beneath. 
  The 
  yellowish, 
  pear-shaped, 
  longitudinally-ribbed 
  eggs 
  

   are 
  laitl 
  three 
  or 
  four 
  on 
  a 
  single 
  leaf. 
  In 
  a 
  week 
  or 
  ten 
  days 
  this 
  larvae 
  

   are 
  hatched. 
  They 
  live 
  three 
  weeks 
  before 
  becoming 
  full-fed. 
  The 
  

   chrysalis 
  state 
  lasts 
  from 
  ten 
  to 
  twelve 
  days. 
  There 
  is 
  an 
  early 
  (May) 
  

   and 
  a 
  late 
  summer 
  (July) 
  brood." 
  

  

  Bemedies. 
  — 
  It 
  should 
  be 
  borne 
  in 
  mind 
  that 
  the 
  caterpillar 
  feeds 
  on 
  

   the 
  under 
  side 
  of 
  the 
  leaves, 
  so 
  that 
  if 
  they 
  are 
  turned 
  over 
  in 
  June 
  and 
  

   again 
  in 
  August 
  and 
  carefully 
  examined, 
  the 
  dark-green 
  caterpillar, 
  

   whose 
  color 
  blends 
  with 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  turnip-leaf, 
  can 
  be 
  i)icked 
  off 
  and 
  

   trod 
  under 
  foot. 
  

  

  INSECTS 
  INJURING- 
  THE 
  CABBAGE. 
  

  

  The 
  Eueopean 
  Cabbage-Butterfly, 
  Pieris 
  rupee 
  Schrauk. 
  — 
  Feeding 
  not 
  only 
  on 
  

   the 
  outer 
  leaves, 
  but 
  boring 
  into 
  the 
  heads 
  in 
  all 
  directions] 
  a 
  green, 
  velvety 
  cater- 
  

   pillar 
  with 
  a 
  yellowish 
  stripe 
  along 
  the 
  back 
  and 
  side, 
  and 
  turning 
  into 
  a 
  white 
  butter- 
  

   fly 
  with 
  four 
  (male) 
  or 
  six 
  (female) 
  conspicuous 
  black 
  spots. 
  

  

  While 
  the 
  caterpillar 
  of 
  our 
  native 
  cabbage 
  (and 
  turnip) 
  butterfly 
  (P. 
  

   oleracea) 
  feeds 
  on 
  the 
  outer 
  leaves, 
  the 
  present 
  species 
  is 
  much 
  more 
  de- 
  

   structive 
  and 
  difficult 
  to 
  destroy, 
  from 
  its 
  habit 
  of 
  boring 
  into 
  the 
  inte- 
  

   rior 
  of 
  the 
  cabbage-head. 
  It 
  also 
  devours 
  the 
  cauliflower 
  and 
  feeds 
  on 
  

   the 
  mignonette. 
  

  

  It 
  was 
  introduced 
  from 
  Europe 
  to 
  Quebec 
  about 
  the 
  year 
  1857, 
  having 
  

   been 
  captured 
  in 
  1859 
  by 
  Mr. 
  Bowles, 
  of 
  that 
  city. 
  It 
  rapidly 
  spread 
  

   into 
  New 
  England 
  along 
  the 
  diiferent 
  railroads 
  leading 
  in 
  from 
  Canada, 
  

   and 
  is 
  now 
  common 
  about 
  Boston 
  and 
  Now 
  York 
  and 
  southward 
  to 
  

   Philadelphia 
  and 
  Washington. 
  During 
  the 
  year 
  1870 
  it 
  did 
  much 
  

   damage 
  in 
  gardens 
  in 
  Monmouth 
  County, 
  New 
  Jersey, 
  as 
  I 
  am 
  informed 
  

   by 
  Dr. 
  S. 
  Lockwood. 
  About 
  Quebec 
  it 
  annually 
  destroys 
  $250,000 
  worth 
  

   of 
  cabbages, 
  according 
  to 
  the 
  Abbe 
  Provancher. 
  

  

  A 
  correspondent 
  of 
  the 
  American 
  Agriculturist 
  for 
  November, 
  1870^ 
  

   states 
  that 
  "it 
  is 
  estimated 
  that 
  the 
  loss 
  from 
  this 
  insect 
  will, 
  in 
  the 
  

   vicinity 
  of 
  New 
  York 
  [city] 
  alone, 
  exceed 
  half 
  a 
  million 
  of 
  dollars, 
  and 
  

   already 
  the 
  price 
  of 
  cabbages 
  has 
  advanced." 
  He 
  says 
  that 
  Mr. 
  Quinn, 
  

   the 
  owner 
  of 
  a 
  large 
  plantation, 
  "has 
  found 
  carbolic 
  powder, 
  superphos- 
  

   phate, 
  and 
  lime 
  together 
  to 
  destroy 
  them. 
  The 
  carbolic 
  powder 
  appears 
  

   to 
  be 
  sawdust 
  impregnated 
  with 
  carbolic 
  acid. 
  Salt 
  has 
  been 
  recom- 
  

   mended, 
  but 
  Mr. 
  Quinn 
  did 
  not 
  find 
  dry 
  salt 
  efficacious, 
  though 
  lime 
  

   has 
  been 
  reported 
  by 
  others 
  as 
  useful." 
  

  

  It 
  is 
  evident 
  that 
  in 
  this 
  newly-arrived 
  insect 
  we 
  have 
  another 
  for- 
  

   midable 
  pest 
  added 
  to 
  our 
  list 
  of 
  imported 
  insects. 
  

  

  It 
  is 
  to 
  the 
  parasites 
  of 
  this 
  butterfly 
  that 
  we 
  are 
  to 
  look 
  for 
  the 
  natu- 
  

   ral 
  means 
  of 
  keeping 
  this 
  insect 
  pest 
  within 
  bounds. 
  

  

  Mr. 
  Curtis 
  has 
  described 
  and 
  figured 
  several 
  parasites 
  of 
  the 
  three 
  

   species 
  of 
  cabbage-butterflies 
  found 
  in 
  England, 
  and 
  he 
  shows 
  how 
  

   thoroughly 
  they 
  keep 
  in 
  check 
  these 
  troublesome 
  worms. 
  Certain 
  mi- 
  

   nute 
  ichneumon-flies 
  (Chalcids) 
  lay 
  their 
  eggs 
  in 
  those 
  of 
  the 
  butterflies. 
  

   Another 
  chalcid 
  fly 
  {Pteromalun 
  hrassicw) 
  lays 
  its 
  eggs 
  on 
  the 
  outside 
  

   of 
  the 
  chrysalis 
  of 
  the 
  white 
  cabbage 
  butterfly 
  {Pieris 
  brassicce), 
  and 
  

   sometimes 
  200 
  or 
  300 
  of 
  the 
  little 
  chalcid 
  maggots 
  have 
  been 
  found 
  liv- 
  

   ing 
  riotously 
  witbin 
  a 
  single 
  chrysalis. 
  They 
  turn 
  into 
  minute 
  brilliant 
  

   flies, 
  which 
  multij^ly 
  in 
  excessive 
  quantities. 
  Mr. 
  Curtis 
  remarks 
  that 
  

   " 
  some 
  species 
  of 
  this 
  extensive 
  genus 
  (Pteromaliis), 
  probably 
  comprising 
  

  

  