﻿PACKARD.] 
  

  

  THE 
  EUROPEAN 
  CABBAGE-BUTTERFLY. 
  

  

  749 
  

  

  antenniG 
  reaching 
  to 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  wings; 
  the 
  second 
  pair 
  of 
  legs 
  reaching 
  half- 
  ^^ 
  ay 
  

   hetween 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  wings 
  and 
  end 
  of 
  abdomen; 
  while 
  the 
  tips 
  of 
  the 
  third 
  pair 
  

   of 
  feet 
  reach 
  half-way 
  between 
  the 
  second 
  pair 
  of 
  feet 
  and 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  abdomen. 
  

   It 
  is 
  from 
  a 
  line 
  to 
  a 
  line 
  and 
  a 
  third 
  in 
  length. 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  middle 
  of 
  September 
  Mr. 
  F. 
  W. 
  Putnam 
  handed 
  me 
  one 
  hundred 
  

   and 
  ten 
  chrysalids, 
  all 
  but 
  two 
  of 
  which 
  were 
  infested 
  by 
  these 
  parasites 
  

   in 
  both 
  the 
  larval 
  and 
  pupal 
  states; 
  while 
  from 
  other 
  chrysalids 
  the 
  adult 
  

   chalcid 
  flies 
  were 
  emerging. 
  They 
  continued 
  to 
  emerge 
  until 
  late 
  in 
  the 
  

   autumn. 
  The 
  infested 
  chrysalids 
  of 
  the 
  butterfly 
  could 
  be 
  easily 
  distin- 
  

   guished 
  by 
  the 
  livid 
  and 
  otherwise 
  discolored 
  and 
  diseased 
  appearance 
  

   of 
  the 
  body, 
  while 
  those 
  unattacked 
  had 
  preservedlhe 
  fresh 
  color, 
  and 
  

   the 
  tail 
  moved 
  about 
  readily 
  ; 
  the 
  diseased 
  ones 
  becoming 
  stiff 
  and 
  more 
  

   or 
  less 
  dried. 
  Mr. 
  Putnam 
  thinks 
  that 
  at 
  least 
  two-thirds 
  of 
  the 
  chrys- 
  

   alids 
  of 
  this 
  butterfly, 
  hundreds 
  of 
  which 
  had 
  in 
  the 
  early 
  autumn 
  sus- 
  

   pended 
  themselves 
  about 
  his 
  house 
  and 
  fences, 
  had 
  been 
  attacked 
  by 
  

   these 
  useful 
  allies. 
  

  

  On 
  opening 
  the 
  body 
  of 
  the 
  infested 
  chrysalids 
  I 
  found 
  about 
  thirty 
  

   parasites 
  in 
  different 
  stages 
  of 
  growth, 
  in 
  one 
  case 
  thirty 
  two, 
  in 
  an- 
  

   other 
  only 
  twelve. 
  We 
  can 
  readily 
  see 
  how 
  efficient 
  these 
  minute 
  in- 
  

   sects 
  become 
  in 
  reducing 
  the 
  numbers 
  of 
  their 
  hosts. 
  A 
  large 
  propor- 
  

   tion 
  of 
  the 
  Pteromalus 
  undoubtedly 
  winter 
  over 
  in 
  the 
  body 
  of 
  the 
  

   chrysalis, 
  the 
  adult 
  insects 
  appearing 
  in 
  the 
  spring. 
  In 
  England 
  Mr. 
  

   Curtis 
  found 
  the 
  fly 
  in 
  June, 
  so 
  that 
  evidently 
  there 
  is 
  an 
  autumn 
  and 
  

   spring 
  brood 
  of 
  flies. 
  

  

  Another 
  parasite 
  is 
  the 
  larva 
  of 
  a 
  parasitic 
  fly, 
  Tachina 
  

   enlarged 
  three 
  times), 
  the 
  adult 
  form 
  of 
  which 
  closely 
  resem- 
  

   bles 
  the 
  common 
  house 
  fly. 
  It 
  is 
  a 
  flattened, 
  cylindrical 
  mag- 
  

   got, 
  both 
  ends 
  of 
  the 
  body 
  rounded 
  much 
  alike. 
  The 
  mouth 
  

   parts 
  are 
  partly 
  aborted, 
  there 
  being 
  only 
  two 
  retractile 
  

   horny 
  mandibles 
  by 
  which 
  the 
  fatty 
  portions 
  of 
  its 
  host 
  is 
  

   eaten. 
  

  

  Besides 
  this 
  large 
  Tachina 
  I 
  found 
  a 
  minute 
  fly 
  in 
  the 
  same 
  

   bottle 
  with 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  the 
  chrysalids 
  of 
  the 
  butterfly, 
  and 
  am 
  

   inclined 
  to 
  think 
  that 
  it 
  may 
  have 
  lived 
  parasitically 
  in 
  them, 
  

   but 
  would 
  not 
  be 
  contident 
  that 
  it 
  is 
  so. 
  It 
  is 
  a 
  small 
  black 
  

   fly, 
  about 
  a 
  line 
  in 
  length, 
  and 
  with 
  dark 
  wings. 
  

  

  The 
  male 
  butterfly 
  (Fig. 
  18) 
  is 
  white, 
  with 
  the 
  tips 
  of 
  the 
  fore 
  wings 
  

  

  (Fig. 
  

  

  Fig. 
  18. 
  — 
  European 
  Cabbage 
  Butterfly, 
  male. 
  

  

  black, 
  dusted 
  with 
  white, 
  while 
  on 
  the 
  fore 
  wings 
  is 
  a 
  single, 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  

   female 
  there 
  are 
  two 
  large 
  black 
  spots, 
  situated 
  two-thirds 
  of 
  the 
  

   distance 
  from 
  the 
  base 
  to 
  the 
  outer 
  edge 
  of 
  the 
  wing. 
  It 
  exp^inds 
  

   about 
  two 
  inches. 
  The 
  female 
  lays 
  her 
  eggs 
  singly 
  on 
  the 
  under 
  side 
  of 
  

   the 
  leaves. 
  The 
  caterpillar 
  (Fig. 
  20, 
  a) 
  is 
  green, 
  and 
  so 
  densely 
  clothed 
  

   with 
  minute 
  hairs 
  as 
  to 
  be 
  vt-lvcty 
  ; 
  it 
  has 
  a 
  yellowish 
  stripe 
  down 
  the 
  

   back 
  and 
  another 
  along 
  each 
  side, 
  the 
  belly 
  being 
  of 
  a 
  paler, 
  brighter 
  

   green; 
  it 
  is 
  often 
  more 
  than 
  an 
  inch 
  long, 
  and 
  about 
  as 
  thick 
  as 
  a 
  large 
  

  

  