﻿762 
  REPORT 
  UNITED 
  STATES 
  GEOLOGICAL 
  SURVEY. 
  

  

  violent 
  muscular 
  action 
  drew 
  the 
  whole 
  stock 
  of 
  young 
  and 
  tender 
  clover 
  

   toward 
  him, 
  and 
  when 
  all 
  the 
  substance 
  was 
  sucked 
  out 
  he 
  let 
  the 
  plant 
  

   go 
  and 
  it 
  (the 
  stock) 
  flew 
  back 
  to 
  its 
  former 
  place. 
  The 
  leaf 
  and 
  stem 
  

   were 
  entire, 
  but 
  looked 
  as 
  though 
  it 
  had 
  been 
  boiled. 
  I 
  then 
  laid 
  a 
  small 
  

   piece 
  of 
  cold 
  mutton 
  down, 
  and 
  he 
  appeared 
  to 
  feast 
  both 
  on 
  the 
  fat 
  and 
  

   lean, 
  dragging 
  them 
  after 
  him 
  as 
  his 
  powers 
  of 
  suction 
  could 
  not 
  act 
  as 
  

   well 
  as 
  if 
  they 
  had 
  been 
  held 
  like 
  the 
  clover-leaf. 
  I 
  also 
  find 
  that 
  when 
  

   the 
  male 
  and 
  female 
  are 
  together, 
  they 
  appear 
  as 
  one 
  worm 
  of 
  double 
  

   the 
  size." 
  I 
  

  

  The 
  earth-worm, 
  like 
  snails 
  and 
  slugs, 
  is 
  hermaphrodite. 
  In 
  iMm-l 
  

   hricus 
  agricola 
  of 
  Europe, 
  the 
  female 
  sexual 
  apparatus 
  consists 
  of 
  two-Jj 
  

   ovaries 
  lying 
  in 
  the 
  thirteenth 
  segment, 
  and 
  two 
  oviducts 
  (segmental", 
  

   organs), 
  which, 
  beginning 
  in 
  a 
  trumpet-shaped 
  opening, 
  collects 
  several 
  , 
  

   eggs 
  into 
  a 
  small 
  sac, 
  which 
  is 
  ejected 
  through 
  an 
  opening 
  on 
  each 
  side 
  

   of 
  the 
  ventral 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  fourteenth 
  segment. 
  Moreover, 
  we 
  find 
  in 
  

   the 
  ninth 
  and 
  tenth 
  segments 
  two 
  pairs 
  of 
  pyriform 
  seminal 
  recepta- 
  .j 
  

   cles, 
  which 
  open 
  into 
  as 
  many 
  openings 
  on 
  the 
  edges 
  of 
  the 
  ninth 
  and 
  fl 
  

   tenth, 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  the 
  tenth 
  and 
  eleventh, 
  segments, 
  and 
  during 
  copula- 
  [ 
  

   tion 
  are 
  filled 
  with 
  sperm. 
  The 
  male 
  sexual 
  organs 
  consist 
  (1) 
  of 
  two 
  , 
  

   pairs 
  of 
  testes, 
  which, 
  formed 
  like 
  the 
  ovaries, 
  lie 
  in 
  the 
  tenth 
  and 
  elev-|| 
  

   enth 
  segments, 
  and 
  (2) 
  two 
  seminal 
  ducts, 
  which 
  begin 
  with 
  four 
  trum-*l 
  

   pet-shaped 
  openings, 
  and 
  terminate 
  externally 
  on 
  the 
  fifteenth 
  segment, 
  ' 
  

   and 
  (3) 
  two 
  seminal 
  vesicles 
  with 
  several 
  flaps 
  and 
  united 
  by 
  a 
  cross- 
  ', 
  

   band 
  and 
  -enveloped 
  by 
  the 
  testes 
  and 
  trumpet-shaped 
  mouths 
  of 
  the 
  , 
  

   seminal 
  ducts. 
  Sexual 
  union 
  is 
  reciprocal, 
  each 
  worm 
  impregnating 
  

   the 
  other, 
  and 
  it 
  takes 
  place 
  in 
  June 
  and 
  July 
  in 
  the 
  night-time. 
  The 
  

   worms 
  lie 
  with 
  their 
  ventral 
  surfaces 
  opposed, 
  each 
  stretched 
  out 
  so 
  ; 
  

   that 
  the 
  opening 
  of 
  the 
  seminal 
  receptacle 
  of 
  one 
  is 
  opposed 
  to 
  the 
  girdle 
  

   of 
  the 
  other. 
  (See 
  Fig. 
  31.) 
  

  

  During 
  the 
  act 
  the 
  sperm 
  passes 
  out 
  to 
  the 
  opening 
  of 
  the 
  seminal 
  

   ducts, 
  flows 
  in 
  a 
  groove 
  along 
  the 
  body 
  to 
  the 
  girdle, 
  and 
  from 
  thence 
  

   into 
  the 
  seminal 
  receptacle 
  of 
  the 
  other 
  worm. 
  The 
  eggs 
  are 
  very 
  small, 
  

   and 
  contained 
  in 
  a 
  capsule 
  (Fig. 
  31) 
  ; 
  but, 
  as 
  a 
  rule, 
  only 
  one 
  egg 
  develops 
  

   a 
  worm, 
  the 
  others 
  addling. 
  Fig. 
  31 
  illustrates 
  the 
  mode 
  of 
  pairing 
  in 
  

   the 
  earth-worm 
  and 
  the 
  development 
  of 
  the 
  embryo 
  from 
  the 
  egg 
  of 
  

   Lumhricus 
  ruhellus 
  Grube, 
  observed 
  in 
  Eussia 
  by 
  Kowalevsky. 
  The 
  

   eggs 
  of 
  Lumhricus 
  rubellus 
  were 
  found 
  in 
  dung, 
  inclosed 
  one 
  in 
  a 
  single 
  

   capsule. 
  The 
  European 
  L. 
  agricola 
  lays 
  numerous 
  egg-capsules, 
  each 
  

   containing 
  sometimes 
  as 
  many 
  as 
  fifty 
  eggs, 
  though 
  only 
  three 
  or 
  four 
  

   embryos 
  are 
  to 
  be 
  found 
  in 
  a 
  capsule 
  (Kowalevsky). 
  

  

  INSECTS 
  INJURING 
  THE 
  RADISH. 
  

  

  The 
  Radish-Fly, 
  AntJiomyia 
  radicum 
  Bouch^, 
  A. 
  raphani 
  Harris. 
  — 
  Eating 
  the 
  roots 
  : 
  

   of 
  yoiing 
  radishes, 
  particularly 
  in 
  old 
  soils; 
  small 
  white 
  maggots, 
  which 
  change 
  to 
  ; 
  

   barrel-shaped, 
  reddish 
  pupa-cases, 
  from 
  which 
  about 
  the 
  first 
  of 
  June 
  emerge 
  small, 
  ; 
  

   ash-colored 
  flies, 
  with 
  a 
  silvery-gray 
  face, 
  copper-colored 
  eyes, 
  and 
  a 
  brown 
  spot 
  on 
  the 
  

   front 
  of 
  the 
  head, 
  with 
  faint 
  brown 
  lines 
  on 
  the 
  thorax, 
  and 
  a 
  longitudinal 
  black 
  line 
  

   on 
  the 
  abdomen, 
  crossed 
  by 
  narrower 
  lines. 
  

  

  Soon 
  after 
  early-sown 
  radishes 
  come 
  up, 
  the 
  roots 
  are 
  attacked 
  by 
  

   small 
  white 
  maggots, 
  and 
  when 
  the 
  plants 
  grow 
  in 
  old 
  soil 
  the 
  maggots 
  

   are 
  especially 
  destructive, 
  as 
  I 
  have 
  found 
  them 
  in 
  Maine 
  over 
  twenty 
  ' 
  

   years 
  since, 
  when 
  the 
  cup 
  was 
  badly 
  infested. 
  The 
  plants 
  were 
  not 
  al- 
  

   ways 
  killed, 
  but 
  the 
  roots 
  were 
  so 
  worm-eaten 
  as 
  to 
  be 
  unfit 
  for 
  , 
  

   the 
  table. 
  Though 
  we 
  raised 
  the 
  fly 
  in 
  abundance, 
  we 
  made 
  no 
  notes 
  of 
  ; 
  

   it 
  at 
  the 
  time, 
  and 
  copy 
  a 
  description 
  of 
  the 
  larvpc, 
  pupa, 
  and 
  fly 
  from 
  Dr. 
  | 
  

   Fitch's 
  Eleventh 
  Report. 
  Our 
  figures 
  (Plate 
  LXIII, 
  Fig. 
  2) 
  are 
  copied 
  

  

  ^ 
  

  

  