1910.] CUTANEOUS SCENX-GLANBS OF lU'MlXAXTS. 841 



ill it the facts established by Ogilby and Hodgson (' Anatomy of 

 Vertebrates,' iii. pp. 632-638, 1868). 



These papers contain bv no means the first records of the 

 occurrence of specialised integumentar}- glands in Ruminants ; 

 but those of Owen, Ogilby, and Hodgson aie apparently the 

 earliest which attempt to deal comprehensively with the subject 

 from the systematic standpoint ; they are also imjjortant from 

 the conclusion to be inferred from internal evidence, that they 

 are the main soui'ce whence English writers of text-books and 

 monographs have borrowed most of the statements regarding these 

 glands. This is a point, however, on which it is impossible to 

 speak with certainty, because of the i-eticence of the writers 

 regarding their authority for the infoi-mation they publish. Even 

 so careful and conscientious a zoologist as Blanford * did not .say 

 whether his statements concerning the glands of Indian Rumi- 

 nants were taken from Ogilby and Hodgson or were based upon 

 his own obsei'vations upon new material which he assuredly had 

 the opportunity of collecting in India. The information he gave, 

 however, tallies so closely with that of Hodgson that it is im- 

 possible to doubt his great indebtedness to that author. 



I think it probable that Messrs. Sclater & Thomas t and Mr. 

 Lydekker j depended mostly upon the publications of Ogilb}-, 

 Hodgson, Blanford, Brooke, and Giay, and upon a few special 

 memoirs by authors like Flower, Garrod, and Forbes, supplemented . 

 no doubt in some cases, by their own observations upon the 

 glands as exhibited by dried or mounted skins. It does not appeal', 

 however, that their works contain many new contributions to the 

 subject. The same may be said of Mr. W. L. Sclater's treatise on 

 the Bovidse of S. Africa §, except that the alleged details respect- 

 ing the preorbital glands of the Tragelaphinfe seem to be new, the 

 general statement as to their presence and size having been taken, 

 I infer, from Flowei- and Lydekker's volume of Mammalia, a 

 standard source of information on this and other subjects since 

 its publication in 1891. 



In the above-quoted works will be found many discrepancies 

 and contradictions with regard to the occuiTonce in particular 

 genera and species of the glands forming the subject-matter of the 

 present paper. These contradictions are difficult to understand, 

 unless the errors be attributable to the examination of defective 

 material. Unfortunately, most authors, like Owen, Ogilby, and 

 Hodgson, are silent as to the nature of the material upon which 

 their observations were made. This omission is important, 

 because inguinal and preorbital glands, obvious enough on fresh 

 skins, may be cut away or othei'wise oblitei'ated in the pi-ocess of 



* ' Fauna of IJritisli India : Mammalia.' 



t 'The Book of Antelopes,' vols. i. to vi. 1894-1900: R. H. Porter, London. 



X ' The Deer of all Lands,' 1898 ; ' Wild Oxen, Sheep, and Goats of all Lands,' 

 1898; 'Great and Small Game of Europe, Western and Northern Asia, and 

 America,' 1901 ; ' The Game Animals of India,' 1907 ; ' The Game Animals of 

 Africa,' 1908 : Rowland Ward, London. 



§ 'The Fauna of South Africa: Mammalia,' i. pp. 123-258, 1900. 



