1910.] CUTANEOUS SCENT-QLANDS OF RUMINANTS. 985 



their comparatively greater leaping powers, attributes which are 

 correlated with a difference of habitat, the Goats and their allies 

 habitually frequenting precipitous exposed rocky hill-sides or 

 mountain heights i-ather than elevated plateaus intersected by 

 ravines where Sheep are to be found. It seems to me probable 

 that the ground frequented by Sheep is better adapted by its 

 vegetation for holding the scent of the foot-glands and perhaps 

 affords more cover for concealment, reqviiring tracking by scent, 

 than the bare exposed situations to which the other genera are 

 adapted. 



12. In the Rupicaprinse well-developed foot-glands occur in 

 Rwpicapra, Nceviurhedus, and Gcqjricornis. The last two never 

 seem to be found far from mountain forests, where individuals 

 may easily lose sight of each other and need scent-glands to keep 

 together. Although possessed of considerable activity and skill 

 in covering rough ground at speed, they have not the climbing 

 or leaping power of Goats. In this respect Chamois appear to 

 equal Goats, and they have their feet strengthened by the for- 

 Avard extension of the interungual web, while retaining pedal 

 glands which are useful perhaps in the mountain forests, where 

 at certain times of the year Chamois I'esort. Although not 

 apparently gifted with special activity or leaping power, Oreamnos 

 inhabits localities right away from forests and bare of all but 

 the scantiest vegetation. In this particular, as in the structure of 

 their feet, they closely resemble Goats. Somewhat of a mountain- 

 forest dweller \\^e Ncemorhedus and Ccqyricornis, Budorcas is never- 

 theless a comparatively inactive animal of large size and heavy 

 build, requiring strong feet to carry his weight up and down the 

 mountain-side. 



13. In the Cervidaj, also, small and medium-sized animals have 

 on the average larger interdigital clefts and more capacious glands 

 than large animals. Yery deep and long clefts with highly 

 developed glands are found, for instance, only in small forms like 

 Hydrojyotes, Ce7'vulus, and Elaphodus and in the medium-sized 

 Daina. Shallower but equally long clefts occur in the small 

 Hyelaphus and the medium- sized Axis, the much larger Rusa, 

 which is allied to both these genera, being devoid of them, as also 

 are all the large Deer of the Old World. In the Telemetacarpal 

 Deer, setting aside Hydropotes, there is almost always, so far as is 

 known, a large pouch-like gland in the hind foot in genera 

 ranging in size from the small Mazama to the large Rangifer, two 

 exceptions being the diminutive Pudu, in which the glands are 

 aborted, and the giant Alee, in which the gland is considerably 

 reduced. 



Very little is unfortunately known about the habitat of Pudu 

 beyond the fact that it has been recorded from Ecuador and 

 the Chilian Andes and appeai-s to live normally at tolerably high 

 altitudes. Fi'om its compactly built feet, I infer that this little 

 Deer frequents hard or stony gi^ound requiring firmly welded 

 hoofs. If this be so, we find a reason for the disappeai-ance of 

 the glandular pouch in the feet found in its ally Alazavia 



