SCIENCK 



[Vol. XXI. No. 5: 



some localities. There are also oq this prostrate palm most re- 

 markable fungi, for whioli see Ellis. By the slow-running strtani 

 occur Biatora hynophila, on mossy substrates. Many terricoline 

 lichens of rarity will reward a patient collector. I liave often 

 visited one locality, leaving it at last in the belief that nothing 

 more could be found. However, still unsatisfied and impelled by 

 something, I would return and find new prizes, as I soon learned 

 from my teachers. I mention this to show that no researches in 

 the field of nature can be wholly completed. I also offer it as an 

 incentive to thorough work. Whilst lichens thrive almost every- 

 where in Florida, sometimes in very novel situations, the vicinity 

 of the ocean is prolific of them. Even an old Ostrea shell has its 

 peculiar Verrucaria ; on old timber, Xylographa; while just in- 

 land, among dense thickets of Ilex cassine, revel Arthonias axid 

 Graphis. Here also the beautiful rosettes of the Cladonia 

 rangiferina L. , variety alpestris L. (which is F. minor of Michaux), 

 cover the earth and are known to the uninitiated as mosses, — 

 price to the winter tourist who searches for nature's gems in hotels 

 twenty-five cents. 



In open places the eye will often rest upon a carpet of the 

 crimson-fruited Cladonia leporina Fr. and C. pulchella Schw. 

 There are also other species of this genus, but less conspicuous on 

 account of having brown fruit. On shrubs near the sea occur in 

 abundance very fine specimens of Ramalina rigida, variety mon- 

 tagnaei Tuck. But we tire of conspicuous forms at last, and 

 seeking the most difficult and least known, find them in Arthonia 

 and Graphis. The following species are sufficient to show what 

 may be expected in a field where investigations have been merely 

 begun. 



Arthonia albovirescens Nyl. A new species on Ilex cassine at 

 Foi-t George, and on shrubs in tropical Florida. A good species 

 <Nyl. Lich. N. G ) (Bat. Bull, 1889). (Syn. Arthonia Willey.) 

 Abundant. 



Arthonia floridana Willey. A new species collected by me at 

 Jacksonville on //ea; (S2//1. Arthonia Willey). Rare. 



Arthonia ochrospila Nyl. On Myriea cerifera, at Jacksonville. 

 Also Cuba. Rare. 



Arthonia gregarina Willey. On Myriea sparingly at Jackson- 

 ville and south. (Syn. Arth.) 



Arthonia taedescens Nyl. A very fine and rare species on Ilex 

 cassine. at Jacksonville and south. {Syn. Arth.) 



Arthonia ochrodiscodes Nyl. A new species, Ilicicola. Fort 

 George and southward. Described by Nylander in "Lichenes 

 Japonise," page 107. Quite distinct. Abundant. 



Arthonia platygraphidea Nyl. An elegant species I collected 

 from Fort George south. Also Me.'cioo. 



Graphis adscribens Nyl (Lich. N. Caled.). Found by me on 

 Gordonia and other trees, Jacksonville to tropical latitudes. Also 

 in Mexico. Very fine. 



Graphis nitidescens Nyl. Very minute, white, and hard to 

 find I have had several so named, all differing from the true 

 one identified for me by Nylander. On Liripdendron. at JsLckson- 

 ville and southward to Cape Sable (Tuckerman, Syn. Pt. II., 

 page 123). 



Among the new Graphis of Florida described by Nylander, I 

 will only mention now Gr. abaphoides, Gr. subparilis, Gr. sub- 

 virginalis, Gr. turbulenta, all tropical or sub-tropical. 



Platygrapha subattingens Nyl. A new species, Supercorticem, 

 Liriodendri, at Jacksonville; southvi-ards to Cuba. Described 

 by Nylander in "Lichens N. G.," page 51. A very fine lichen 

 {Bot. Bull, 1889). 



OSTEOLOGICAL NOTES. 



BY DANIEL DENISON SLADE, MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, 

 CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 



The order of the Ungulata may at the present time be divided 

 into the Ungulata vera, including therein the two sub-orders, 

 Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla, and the Ungulata polydactyla, 

 or SubuDgulata of Cope, which also comprises two sub-orders, 

 Hyracoidea and Proboscidea. 



In its morphology, the jugal arch of the Ungulata presents 

 various modifications. Witli few exceptions, two bones only 



enter into its composition, the squamosal and jugal, which are 

 connected by a suture, the general direction of which is horizon- 

 tal. Both the horizontal and vertical curvatures of the arch pre- 

 sent considerable variations, as does also its relation to the neigh- 

 boring parts. 



In the group Perissodactyla, the family Equidee exhibits an 

 arch, which, although relatively slender, is quite exceptional in 

 its arrangement. The large and lengthened process of the squa- 

 mosal not only joins the greatly developed post- orbital process of 

 the frontal, but, passing beyond, forms a portion of the inferior 

 and posleiior boundary of the orbit. The malar, spreading largely 

 upon the cheek, sends back a nearly horizontal process to join 

 the under surface of the squamosal process above described, thus 

 completing the arch, while the orbit is entirely surrounded by a 

 conspicuous ring of bone, thereby clearly determining the bounds 

 between it and the temporal fossa, which last is remarkably 

 small. Moulded into this fossa, which is bounded above and pos- 

 teriorly by more or less well-developed crests or ridges, is the 

 temporal muscle. The pterygoids are slender and delicate, with- 

 out the presence of any fossa. The glenoid surface is much ex- 

 tended transversely, concave from side to side, and bounded 

 posteriorly by a prominent post-glenoid process. The angle of 

 the jaw is much expanded. The condyle Is much elevated above 

 the molar series, while the coronoid process is long, narrow, and 

 slightly recurved. 



In the Rhinoceridge and Tapiridse the arch is strongly devel- 

 oped, and composed of the squamosal and jugal processes, which 

 are joined at about its centre by an oblique suture from above 

 downwards, backwards, and upwards. There is a small post- 

 orbital process, largest in the tapir, but the orbital and temporal 

 fossae are continuous. The surface for the temporal muscle is 

 extensive. The glenoid fossa presents a transverse, convex sur- 

 face to articulate with the corresponding one of the mandible, 

 which is not much elevated above the dental series. The coronoid 

 process is slender and recurved, while the angle is broad, com- 

 pressed, somewhat rounded, and incurved. 



In the Artiodactyla, the arch is slender, and is composed of the 

 process from the jugal, which passes backwards beneath the cor- 

 responding forward projecting process of the squamosal, the 

 juncture being by a suture nearly horizontal in direction, and long- 

 est in the Cervidse. The jugal also sends up a postorbital process 

 to meet the corresponding descending one of the frontal, the suture 

 which unites them, being about midway. Thus the bony orbit is 

 complete, while the jugal is forked posteriorly. The temporal 

 region is relatively small. The horizontal curvature of the arch 

 is very slight. The glenoid fossa is extensive and slightly convex, 

 with a well-developed posit-glenoid process. The pterygoids pre- 

 sent a large surface and are situated nearer the middle line than 

 is the case in the Perissodactyla. The condyle is broad and flat, 

 and the coronoid process is long, compressed, and slightly re- 

 curved. The angle is rounded and much expanded. 



The Tylopoda alone among the Ruminantia have large surfaces 

 and accompanying crests and ridges for the increased develop- 

 ment of the temporal muscles. The horizontal curvature of the 

 arch is greater than in the true Ruminants, consequently the tem- 

 poral fossa is wider and deeper — all in correlation with the pow- 

 erful canine teeth. The forked articulation between the molar 

 and the squamosal is also more strongly marked. 



Among the non-Ruminantia, the family Suidse, or true p'gs, 

 exhibit an arch in which the process of the jugal underlying the 

 squamosal extends back to the glenoid fossa — the two bones 

 being connected by a suture, which is vertical anteriorly for the 

 depth of half the bone, and then horizontal. The post-orbital 

 process does not meet the frontal; in fact, all traces of this are 

 lost in Sus serofa. In the Peccary and Barbaroussa it is quite 

 prominent. The arch is short, and the vertical as well as hori- 

 zontal curvatures are considerable. The narrow, transverse, con- 

 dylar surface of the mandible, and the small coronoid process, 

 with its rounded superior surface, are but slightly raised above 

 the level of the alveolar surface. The pterygoid surface is exten- 

 sive and the fossa deep. 



In the HippopotamidEe, the arch is broad and strong. Its su- 

 perior border presents a marked sigmoid curvature, and the con- 



