March 31, 1893.] 



SCIENCE. 



173 



plicants should state whether they can supply themselves with 

 simple and compound microscopes, or whether they wish to hire. 

 Microscope slides, dissecting and drawing implements, bottles, 

 and other supplies, to be finally taken away, are on sale at the 

 Laboratory. Further information in regard to this department 

 may be had by addressing Professor Hermon C. Bumpus, Wood's 

 Holl, Mass., to whom applications for admission should also be 

 made. 



The Botanical Laboratory for Teachers and Students will be 

 opened on Wednesday, July 5. The laboratory work in botany 

 will be restricted to the study of the structure and developmeut 

 of types of the various orders of the Cryptogamous plants. Es- 

 pecial attention will be given to the study of the various species 

 of marine Algee which occur so abundantly in the waters about 

 Wood's Holl, and students desiring to give their entire attention 

 to these plants will be encouraged to do so. The fungi and higher 

 Cryptogams will receive less attention than the Algse, but will 

 be studied in fewer types. Lectures will accompany the labora- 

 tory work. The course may be outlined somewhat as follows : — 



First week. Cyanophycece : Lyngbya, Calothris, Rivularia, 

 Stigonema, Tolypothrix, Anabsena. Second week. Chlorophycece : 

 Spirogyra, Ulva, Enteromorpha, Cbeetomorpha, Bryopsis, Vau- 

 cheria, Oedogonium; Phceophycece : Ectocarpus. Mesogloia, 

 Leathesia, Laminaria, Fucus, Sargassum. Third week. Rhodo- 

 phycece: Batrachospermum, Nemalion, Callithamnion, Chon- 

 driopsis, Rhabdonia. Fourth week. Phy corny ceies : Mucoe, 

 Sporodinia, Peronospora, Cystopus, Achlya; Vredinei: Aecidium, 

 Uredo, Puccinia, Uromyces. Fifth week. Busidiomycetes : 

 Agaricus, Ljcoperdon; Ascomyceles: Microsphasra, Sordaria, 

 Peziza, Physcia. Sixth week. Bluscmece: Riccia, Madotheca, 

 Marchantia. Mnium, Tetraphis, Hypnum ; Fih'ciweoB; Dick son ia, 

 Adiantum, Equisetum, Lycopodium, Marsilia, Selaginella. 



The tuition for students in the regular course of laboratory 

 work and lectures is thirty-five dollars, payable in advance ; for 

 students engaged in investigation the tuition is fifty dollars. 



Students are expected to supply their own instruments, or to 

 pay an extra fee for those borrowed from the Laboratory. Ap- 

 plications should be addressed to William A. Setchell, 3 Hillhouse 

 Avenue, Nevs' Haven Conn. 



The Physiological Laboratory will be open from June 1 to Sep- 

 tember for investigators. 



Rooms, accommodating two persons, may be obtained near the 

 Laboratory, at prices varying from $'3 to $4 a week, and board 

 from $4.50 to $6. By special arrangement, board will be supplied 

 to members at The Homestead at |5 a week. 



A Department of Laboratory Supply has been established in 

 order to facilitate the work of teachers and others at a distance 

 who desire to obtain materials for study or for class instruction. 

 Certain sponges, hydroids, starfishes, sea urchins, marine worms, 

 crustaceans, raollusks, and vertebrates are generally kept in 

 stock, though larger orders should be filed sometime before the 

 material is needed. Circulars giving information, prices, etc., 

 may be obtained by addressing the collector, F. W. Walmsley, 

 Wood's Holl, Mass. 



Wood's Holl, owing to the richness of the marine life in the 

 neighboring waters, offers exceptional advantages. It is situated 

 on the north shore of Vineyard Sound, at the entrance to Buz- 

 zard's Bay, and may be reached by the Old Colony Railroad (34 

 hours from Boston), or by rail and boat from Providence, Fall 

 River, or New Bedford. Persons going from Boston should buy 

 round-trip tickets (|3.85). 



The Annual Report of the Trustees, containing an account of 

 the organization and work of the Laboratory, may be obtained 

 from the secretary, Anna Phillips Williams, 33 Marlborough St., 

 Boston. 



The officers of instruction are: C. O. Whitman, director, 

 head professor of zoology, University of Chicago, editor of the 

 Journal of Morphology. Zoology — A. Investigation, Howard 

 Ayers, director of the AUis Lake Laboratory ; J. Playfair McMur- 

 rich, professor of biology, University of Cincinnati; E. G. Conk- 

 lin, professor of biology, Ohio Wesleyan University; F. R. Lillie, 

 fellow in zoology, Chicago University. B. Instruction, H. C 

 Bumpus, professor of comparative anatomy. Brown Universitj' ; 



W. M. Rankin, instructor in zoology, Princeton College; Pierre 

 A. Fish, instructor in physiology and anatomy, Cornell Univer- 

 sity ; A. D. Mead, fellow in zoology, University of Chicago. 

 Botany — W. A. Setchell, instructor in botany, Yale University ; 

 W. J. V. Osterhout, Brown University. Physiology — Jacques 

 Loeb, assistant professor of physiology, University of Chicago. 

 Ryoiche Takano, artist; F. W. Walmsley, collector; and G. M. 

 Gray, laboratory assistant. 



ELECTRICAL NOTES. 



The paper by Dr. Sumpner on "The Diffusion of Light" is 

 ozie of the most important pieces of work which has recently been 

 published, especially from the practical side. It shows us at once 

 how to calculate the amount of light necessary to illuminate a 

 room of any shape or size, provided only that we know the mate- 

 rial used for decorating it. Hitherto this has been done on the 

 happy-go-lucky plan, for, although a rale has been laid down by 

 Mr. Preece to the effect that one candle-power should be used for 

 every square foot of floor space, the well-known antipathy which 

 mathematics bears to Mr. Preece has caused this formula to 

 be looked upon with suspicion ; and in this case with reason. 

 The work of Dr. Sumpner is, however, of an entirely different 

 class, and his results may be depended upon for making practical 

 calculations. The principal result of his work is a knowledge of 

 the immense effect that the material covering the walls of a room 

 has on the amount of light required to illuminate it to a given 

 degree. We learn that the amount of light reflected from a 

 newspaper or piece of foolscap is equal, within 10 per cent, to 

 that reflected from a good glass mirror. The following figures 

 may be of interest (deduced from his results): — 



L II. 



Black cloth, 100 



Dark-brown paper, 87 



Blue paper, 73 



Yellow paint (clean), 60 " 



Wood (clean) 50 



Wood (dirty), ' 80 



Cartridge paper, 30 



Whitewash, 15 



Column I. gives the material covering the walls of the room of 

 a given size, and column II. the proportionate number of candles 

 necessary to light it. It will be seen that it takes nearly six 

 times as much candle-power to illuminate a room papered with 

 dark-brown paper as it does to illuminate to an equal degree a 

 whitewashed room. While, of course, we cannot sacrifice 

 sesthetics to economy, it is evident that by suitably choosing the 

 paper of a room, no inconsiderable saving in gas bills may be 

 effected. R. A. F. 



NOTES AND NEWS. 



A NEW society has been organized in Washington under the 

 name of the "Geological Society of Washington." The ofHcers 

 are: President, C. D. Walcott; vice-presidents, S. F. Emmons 

 and W. H. Holmes; secretaries. J. S. Diller and Whitman Cross; 

 treasurer, Arnold Hague ; council. G. F. Becker, G. H. Eldridge, 

 G. K. Gilbert, G. P. Merrill, and T. M. Chatard. The members 

 are classified as resident and corresponding, the dues of the for- 

 mer being |3 and of the latter $1 per annum. The meetings are 

 held on the second Wednesday of each month from October to 

 May, inclusive. The membership already numbers 108. The 

 members need not be geologists themselves : to have an interest in 

 the subject is sufficient to entitle one to the privileges of the soci- 

 ety. Its object is the presentation of short notes on work in 

 progress rather than the reading of elaborate papers. The first 

 scientific meeting was held March 8, at which, after an introduc- 

 tion by Major J. W. Powell, Director of the Geological Survey, 

 a paper was presented by Mr. H. W. Turner, on the Structure of 

 the Gold Belt of the Sierra Nevada. Mr. S. F Emmons then 

 read a paper on the Geological Distribution of Ore Deposits in 

 the United States. 



