April 28, 1893.J 



SCIENCE. 



231 



is 341 pounds, its greatest length is 27 inches, its thickness (in 

 direction of the ortho axis), is 4 inches, and its breadth (at right 

 angles to the ortho axis) is six inches. 



The angles of the crystal were taken with the hand gonio- 

 meter. The most noticeable fact is that the unit prism of 

 111° 30' occurs only on a curious prismatic extension, composed 

 of this prism and aclino prism (470), which pierces the pyramidal 

 plane 111 and extends upward about one inch to the basal plane 

 common to this and the rest of the crystal as shown in the figure. 

 The prism which occurs od the rest of the crystal has an angle of 



f]0 



OlO 



approximately 79°, corresponding to the clino prism t— | (470) , and 

 al! its faces are striated rertically while those of the unit prism 

 are smooth. 



The other occurring forms are i-l (010),-1 (111), J-I (103), and O 

 (001). The cleavages parallel to (010), (101) and (111) were visi- 

 ble in the break at the lower end. 



At least six phantom terminations can be seen apparently 

 parallel to (001) and (lOS) . 



DISTANCE AND COLOR PERCEPTION BY INFANTS. 



BT J. MABK BALDWIN, PRINCETON, N. J. 



I UNDERTOOK at the beginning of my child H's 9th month to 

 experiment with her with a view to arriving at the exact state of 

 her color perception, employing the new method which I de- 

 scribed and compared with other methods in a recent paper in 

 this journal.' The method consisted in this instance in giving 

 the infant a comfortable sitting posture, kept constant by a band 

 passing around her chest and fastened securely to the back of her 

 chair. Her arms were left bare and quite free in their move- 

 ments. Pieces of paper of different colors were exposed before 

 her, at varying distances, front, right, and left. This was regu- 

 lated by a frame-work, consisting of a horizontal graded (in 

 inches) rod, projecting from the back of the chair at a level with 

 her shoulder and parallel with her arm when extended straight 

 forward, and carrying on it another rod, also graded in inches, at 

 right-angles to the first. This second rod was thus a horizontal 

 line directly in front of the child, parallel with a line connecting 

 her two shoulders, and so equally distant for both hands. This 

 second rod was made to slide upon the first, so as to be adjusted 

 at any desirable distance from the child. On this second rod the 

 colors, etc., were placed in succession, the object being to excite 

 the child to reach for the color. 



So far from being distasteful to the infant, I found that with 

 pleasant suggestions thrown about the experiments, the whole 



1 Science, AprU 21, 1893. 



procedure gave her the most intense gratification, and the affair 

 became her most pleasant daily occupation. After each sitting 

 she was given a reward of some kind. 



The accompanying tables give the results, both for color and 

 distance, of 317 experiments. Of these 111 were with five colors 

 and 106 with ordinary newspaper (chosen as a relatively neutral 

 object, which would have no color value and no association to 

 the infant). In the tables R stands for "refusal" Uo reach out 

 for the object), A for "acceptance" (and effort), iVfor the entire 

 number of experiments with each color respectively, and n for the 

 entire number with all the colors at each distance respectively. 



So _ = the proportion of responses or efforts for any color, and 



- = the proportion of refusals for each distance. 

 n 



Table I. 



Table II. 



Color. — The results are evident in the tables (I. and II.), es- 

 pecially the columns marked "Ratio _" and "Ratio-." The 



colors range themselves in the order of attractiveness, i.e., blue, 

 red, white, green, and brown. The difference between blue 

 and red is very slight compared to that between any other 

 two. This confirms Binet as against Preyer (who puts blue last), 

 and also fails to confirm Preyer in putting brown before red and 

 green. Brown to my child — as tested in this way — seemed to be 

 about as neutral as could well be. White, on the other hand, 

 was more attractive than green. I am sorry that my list does 

 not include yellow. The newspaper was, at reaching distance 

 (9 to 10 inches) and a little more (up to 14 inches), as attractive 

 as the average of the colors, and even as much so as the red ; but 

 this is probably due to the fact that the newspaper experiments 

 came after a good deal of practice in reaching after colors, and a 

 more exact association between the stimulus and its distance. At 

 15 inches and over, accordingly, the newspaper was refused in 

 more than 93 per cent of the cases, while blue was refused at 

 that distance in only 75 per cent, and red in 84 per cent. 



Distaiice.— In regard to the question of distance, the child per- 

 sistently refused to reach for anything put 16 inches or more 

 away from her. At 15 inches she refused 91 per cent of all the 



