April 28, 1893.J 



SCIENCE. 



In the work now before us, Dr. Minks considers the question of 

 the so-called parasitic Lichens. In 1880, in " Morphologisch- 

 lichenographische Studien," II., he had said that -'Lichen and 

 parasite are two irreconcilable conceptions." In the present work 

 he develops this idea and extends it to a considerable number 

 of Lichens, the apothecia of which had been previously consid- 

 ered to belong to the thallus on which they are found, and applies 

 the term " syntrophy " to all such. In a syntropic lichen, by 

 careful microscopic investigation, the epiphytic apothecium is 

 found to have a very delicate thalline tissue of its own, from 

 which it derives sustenance independently of the foreign thallus 

 on which it grows. Dr. Minks describes this relation in language 

 almost as picturesque as that used by Schwendener, in a phrase 

 which has become classic. The syntrophic apothecia, he says, 

 " are guests, because they offer nothmg to the host, but claim ser- 

 vices from him without compensation. But they are not boarders, 

 else they might properly be termed parasites, but only lodgers. 

 They are tenants, who pay no rent, but share the lot of the land- 

 lord." 



In application of this doctrine. Dr. Minks considers a number 

 of genera and species of Lichens, which, from his point of view, 

 are syntrophic. Prominent among these is the genus Pyxine, the 

 apothecia of which are syntropic on species of Physioia. Others 

 are the Caliciacei and the Gyalectacei, the latter being elevated 

 to the dignity of a tribe, while the author follows Nylander in 

 combining the Lecanorei and the Lecideei in one tribe, the Lecano- 

 Lecideei. 



It were much to be desired that some of our younger botanists 

 and microscopists, instead of consuming time in tedious and often 

 superficial attempts to determine species, and of accepting as a 

 dogma the Schwendener theory, neglecting to study what has 

 been said on both sides of the controversy, would make themselves 

 familiar with the copious literature of the last few years, and apply 

 themselves to the study of the morphology and physiology of the 

 Lichens, which, from whatever point of view they are considered, 



^11 



are among the most remarkable products of the vegetable king- 

 dom. They might be able, by patient labor and by not being in 

 too much haste to arrive at conclusions, to make valuable con- 

 tributions to the vexed controversy. "VV. 



T]ie Story of the Atlantic Telegraph. By Heney M. Field. New 

 York, Chas. Scribner's Sons. 

 The story of diflSculties overcome in the endeavor to accom- 

 plish a great work is always interesting, and the account here 

 given of the laying of the Atlantic cable reads like a romance. 

 As is natural, since the writer is a brother of his, the work of 

 Mr. Cyrus W. Field is given the most prominence, but we notice 

 with pleasure that the indomitable perseverance and courage of 

 the financiers engaged in the undertaking is recognized as it 

 should be. 



The Voltaic Cell. By Park Benjamin, LL.B., Ph.D. New 

 York, John Wiley & Sons. 



Dr. Paek Benjamin has had long experience in collecting the 

 material for encyclopedic treatises, and the reader of this book 

 may be sure that nearly all that could be collected on the subject 

 has been incorporated here. This, however, does not necessarily 

 constitute a good book, and in the present case the material used 

 in cementing together the vast quantity of contained information 

 might have been improved upon had a little more care been 

 spent on this part of the work. For instance, while the list of 

 cuts of storage cells is a very complete one, the theory of the 

 changes which go on during the charge and discharge is hardly 

 touched upon. The book contains a large number of valuable 

 tables of conductivities of solutions, heats of combination etc. 



R. A. F. 



The Egypt Exploration Fund's new circular respecting the 

 archasological survey of Egypt may be obtained from Dr. W. C. 

 Winslow, 525 Beacon Street Boston. 



ATonk 



For Brain-Workers, the Weak and 

 Debilitated. 



Horsford^s Acid Phosphate 



IS without exception the Best 

 Remedy for reheving Mental 

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 where the system has become 

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Dr. J. C. Wilson, Philadelphia, Pa., 

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Descriptive pamphlet free. 

 Rumlord Chemical Works, Providence. R. I, 



Exchanges. 



[Freeof charge to aU, if ofsatisfactory character. 

 Address N. D. C. Hodges, 874 Broadway, New York.l 



Beware of Substitutes and Imitations. 



For sale or exchanfje— A Telescope (36 diameters, 

 copper barrel)— for $20 cash or scientific books of 

 that value. A. N. Somers, La Porte, Ind. 



For sale— A complete set of the Reports of the 

 Second Geological Survey of Pa., 1874-1893. includ- 

 ingthe Grand Atlas. Publisher'spriceoverSHo. Will 

 sell for S50. Address P. D. Chester, Newark, Del. 



The undersigned has skins of Pennsylvania and 

 New Jersey birds, as well as other natural history 

 specimens: which he wishes to exchange for ma- 

 rine, fresh water, and earthworms of the South and 

 West. Correspondence with collectors desired. 

 J. Percy Moore, School of Biology, University of 

 Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 



For sale or exchange. — I have a CaUgraph type- 

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 is in a heavy leather, plush-lined office case, the 

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 it, either by sale or exchange, anew, No. 5 "Kodak'"' 

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 and pneumatic time-shutter must also be the same 

 as those now sold with the last No. 5 Kodak. The 

 price of what I desire in exchange is §78. Address, 

 for particulars, P. O. Box 314, Takoma, District of 

 Columbia. 



For sale. — An Abbe binocular eye-piece for the 

 microscope. Alfred C. Stokes, 527 Monmouth St., 



For sale or exchange. — One good long range Rem- 

 ington B. L. rifle, 44 calibre, also land and fresh 

 water, and marine shells. Want shells. Safety, 

 printing press. A. H. Boies, Hudson, 



Fine collection of microscopic slides for sale, or 

 would exchange for first -class pneumatic bicycle. 

 J. E. Whitney, Box 549, Rochester, N. Y. 



For sale — A Zentmayer new model U. S. Army 

 Hospital monocular stand. Price SllO. will sell for 

 S75. Address H. C. Wells, No. 151 Broadway, New 

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For sale — A complete set of the third series of the 

 American Journal of Science (1870-1893) handsomely 

 bound in single volumes in dark brown half moroc- 

 co. Address G. H. Williams, 803 Cathedral Street, 

 Baltimore, Md. 



IVanls. 



WANTED, as principal of a flourishing technical 

 school, a gentleman of education and experi- 

 ence who will be capable of supervising both me- 

 chanical and common school instruction. Special 

 familiarity with some technical branch desirable. 

 Address, giving age, qualifications, etc., J. B. Bloom- 

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THE undersigned desires specimens of North 

 American Gallinae in the flesh for the study of 

 their pterylosis. These species are especially de- 

 sired: Colinus ridgwayiy cyrtonyx montezumae, 

 deudragapitsfranklini, lagopus welchi, tympanuchus 

 cupido and pedioecetes phasianellits. Any persons 

 having alcoholic specimens which they are willing 

 to loan or who can obtain specimens of any of the 

 above are requested to communicate with Hubert 

 Lyman Clark, 3922 Fifth Avenue. Pittsburgh. Fa. 



A 



COMPETENT TEACHER of botany in college 

 or university is open to engagement. Address 

 Box 86, Rochester, Mich. 



CAN any one inform me as to the age to which 

 cats have lived? I have one twenty years old. 

 Edward D. Webb, 132 W . Eighty-first St., New York. 



WANTED — Second-hand. Foster's Physiology, 

 Balfour's Comparative Embryology, Clans & 

 Sedgwick's Zoology, Flower's Osteology of Mam- 

 malia. Vine's Physiology of Plants. Please state 

 editions and prices asked and address Richard 

 Lees Brampton, Ontario, Canada 



WANTED.— American Journal of Conchology, 

 seven volumes. Parties having these for 

 sale will please address the undersigned, stating 

 condition and price. R. Ellsworth Call, Louisville,Ky. 



A GRADUATE ENGINEER will give instruction 

 evenings in geometry, trigonometry and sur- 

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 ing journal. References furnished. C. S. H., 102 

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WANTED.— By well - qualified and experienced 

 science master and associate of the Royal 

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