Eleventh Year. 

 Vol. XXI. No. 535. 



MAY 5, 1893. 



Single Copies, Ten Cents. 

 $3.50 Per Year, in Advance. 



Contents. 



The So-Called "Sap" op Trees and Its Move- 

 ments. Charles R. Barnes 330 



Note on the Sea-Urchin Skeletons. Henry 



Leslie Osborn 241 



The Canals of Mars. S. E. Peal 243 



Notes and News — 243 



The Product of a Changed Environment. 



George H. Hudson 244 



Letters to the Editor. 



Variations in Native Ferns. W. M. Beau- 

 champ 244 



Singing of Birds. Morris Gibbs , 245 



On a Supposed Climatic Variation in the 

 Wing-Color of some Orthoptera. W. L, 



Distant 245 



A Puzzle for Future Arehseo legists. Chas. 



B. Palmer 246 



Pre-Historlc Remains in Amerina. Cyrus 



Thomas 246 



The Lobateheffsky Centenary, George B. 



Halsted 246 



Nesting of the Road-Eunner. Joe G^'innetl. 247 

 Ad Ignorantiam. Edward H. Williams, Jr.. 247 



Color in Flowers. F. H. Plumb 247 



Book Reviews 347 



Entered at the Post-Oflace of New York, N.Y., as 

 Secocd-ClasR Mail Matter. 



NEO-DARWIKISM AND HEO-LAMARCKISM. 



By LESTE-^ F. WARD. 



Annual address of the President of the Biological 

 Society of Washington delivered Jan. 34, 1891. A 

 historical and critical review of modern scientific 

 thought relative to heredity, and especially to the 

 problem of the transmission of acquired characters. 

 The following are the several heads involved in the 

 discussion Status of the Problem, Lamarckism. 

 Darwinism, Acquired Characters, Theories of He- 

 redity, Views of Mr. Galton, Teachings of Professor 

 Weismann, A Critique of Weismann, Neo-Darwin- 

 ism, Neo-Lamarckism, the American "School," Ap- 

 plication to the Human Race. In so far as views 

 are expressed they are in the main m line with the 

 general current of American thought, and opposed 

 to the extreme doctrine of the non-transmissibility 

 of acquired characters. 



Price, postpaid) 25 cents. 



N. D. C. HODGES, 874 Broadway, N. Y. 



BUSINESS mRTUNITY. 



There is an opening for a 

 young man to open a New 

 York office of the American 

 Lightning Protection Co., 

 operating under my patents. 

 But little capital will be re- 

 quired. 



N. D. C. 



, 874 Broadway, N. Y. 



USEFUI. HAND-BOOKS. 



The Ornamental Penman's Pocketbook of Alpha- 

 bets, for sign-writers, engravers, stone-cutters and 

 draftsmen, SO cts. A System of Easy Lettering, by 

 Howard Cromwell, 50 cts. Practical Electrics ■ A 

 Universal Handybook on Every-day Electrical Mat- 

 ters, 135pp., fully illustrated, ]2mo, cloth, 75 cts. 

 Notes on Design of Small Dynamo, by Q. Halliday, 

 79 pp., with a number of plates to scale, ]8mo, cloth, 

 SI. The Phonograph and How to Construct It, by 

 W. Gillett, 87 pp., 12 folding plates, ISmo, cloth. $2. 

 SPON & CHAMBEELAIN, Publishers, 12 Cortlandt 

 St., New York. Hlustrated and descriptive cata- 

 logues, 10 cts. 



NEW METHOD OF PROTECTING BUILDINGS FROM LIGHTNING. 

 SPARE THE ROD AND SPOIL THE HOUSE! 



Lightning Destroys. Shall it be Xour Souse < 



; Pound of Copper ? 



PROTECTION FROM LIGHTNING. 

 What is the Problem f 



In seeking a means of protection from lightning-discharges, we have in view 

 two objects,— rhe 0D6 the prevention of damage to buildings, and the other 

 the prevention of Injury to life. In order to destroy a building In whole or in 

 part^ It is necessary that work should be done ; that is, as physicists express 

 it, energy l3 required. Just before the lightning-discharge tabes place, the 

 energy capable of doing the damage which we seek to prevent exists in the 

 column of air extending from the cloud to the earth in some form that makes 

 It capable of appearing as what we call electricity. We will therefore call it 

 electrical energy. What this electrical energy is, It is not necessary for us to 

 consider In this place ; but that It exists there can be no doubt, as it manifests 

 itself in the destruction of buildings. The problem that we have to deal with, 

 therefore, is the conversion of thla energy into some other form, and the ac- 

 complishment of this in such a way as shall result in the least injury to prop- 

 erty and life. 



Why Have the Old Rods Failed? 



When lightning-rods were first proposed, the science of energetics was en- 

 tirely undeveloped ; that is to say, in the middle of the last century sclentiflc 

 men had not come to recognize the fact that the different forms of energy — 

 heat, electricity, mechanical power, etc. — were convertible one into the other, 

 and that each could produce just so much of each of the other forms, and no 

 more. The doctrine of the conservation and correlation of energy was first 

 clearly worked out in the early part of this century. There were, however, 

 some facts known in regard to electricity a hundred and torty years ago; and 

 among these were the attracting power of points for an electric spark, and the 

 conducting power of metals. Lightning-rods were therefore introduced with 

 the idea that the electricity existing in the lightning-discharge could be con- 

 veyed around the building which it was proposed to protect, and that the 

 building would thus be saved. 



The question as to dissipation of the energy Involved was entirely ignored, 

 naturally; and from that time to this. In spite of the best endeavors of those 

 interested, lightning-rods constructed in accordance with Franklin's principle 

 have not furnished satisfactory protection. The reason for this is apparent 

 when it Is considered that the electrical energy existing in the atmosphere 

 before the discharge, or, more exactly, in the column of dielectric from the 

 cloud to the earth, above referred to, reaches its maximum value on the sur- 

 face of the conductors that chance to be within the column of dielectric ; so 

 that the greatest display of energy will be on the surface of the very lightning- 

 rods that were meant to protect, and damage results, as so often proves to be 

 the case. 



It will be understood, of course, that this display of energy on the surface 

 of the old lightning-rods is aided by their being more or less insulated from 

 the earth, but in any event the very existence of such a mass of metal as an 

 old lightning-rod can only tend to produce a disastrous dissipation of electrical 

 energy upon its surface,— " to draw the lightning," as it Is so commonly put. 



Is there a Better Means of Protection? 



Having cleared our minds, therefore, of any idea of conducting electricity, 

 and keeping clearly in view the fact that in providing protection against light- 

 ning we must furnish some means by which the electrical energy may be 

 harmlessly dissipated, the question arises, " Can an Improved form be given 

 to the rod, so that It shall aid In this dissipation ? " 



As the electrical energy involved manifests itself on the surface of conduo 

 tors, the Improved rod should be metallic ; but, instead of making a large rod 

 suppose that we make It comparatively small In size, so that the total amount 

 of metal running from the top of the house to some point a little below the 

 foundations shall not exceed one pound. Suppose, again, that we introduc 

 numerous insulating joints in this rod. We shall then have a rod that experi- 

 ence shows will be readily destroyed — will be readily dissipated — when a 

 discharge takes place ; and it will be evident, that, so far as the electrical en- 

 ergy is consumed in doing this, there will be the less to do other damage. 



The only point that remains to be proved as to the utility of such a rod Is to 

 show that the dissipation of such a conductor does not tend to injure other 

 bodies in its Immediate vicinity. On this point I can only say that I have 

 found no case where such a conductor (tor Instance, a bell wire) has been dis- 

 sipated, even it resting against a plastered wall, where there has been any 

 material damage done to surrounding objects. 



Of course, it is readily understood that such an explosion cannot take place 

 In a confined space without the rupture of the walls (the wire cannot be 

 boarded over); but in every case that I have found recorded this dissipation 

 takes place just as gunpowder burns when spread on a board. The objects 

 against which the conductor rests may be stained, but they are not shattered, 



I would therefore make clear this distinction between the action of electri- 

 cal energy when dissipated on the surface of a large conductor and when dis- 

 sipated on the surface of a comparatively small or easily dissipated conductor. 

 When dissipated on the surface of a large conductor, — a conductor so strong 

 as to resist the explosive eflect, — damage results to objects around. When 

 dissipated on the surface of a small conductor, the conductor goes, but the 

 other objects around are saved 



A Typical Case of the Action of a Small Conductor. 



Franklin, in a letter to Colllnson read before the London Royal Society, 

 Dec. 18, 1755, describing the partial destruction by lightning of a church-tower 

 at Newbury, Mass. , wrote, " Near the bell was fixed an Iron hammer to strike 

 the hours ; and from the tall of the hammer a wire went down through a small 

 gimlet-hole in the floor that the bell stood upon, and through a second floor In 

 like manner ; then horizontally under and near the plastered celling of that 

 second floor, till it came near a plastered wall ; then down by the side ot that 

 wall to a clock, which stood about twenty feet below the bell. The wire was 

 not bigger than a common knitting needle. The spire was split all to pieces 

 by the lightning, and the parts flung in all directions over the square In which 

 the church stood, so that nothing remained above the bell. The lightning 

 passed between the hammer and the clock In the above-mentioned wire, 

 without hurting either of the floors, or having any effect upon them (except 

 making the gimlet-holes, through which the wire passed, a little bigger), and 

 without hurting the plastered wall, or any part of the building, so far as the 

 aforesaid wire and the pendulum-wire of the clock extended ; which latter 

 wire was about the thickness of a goose-qulll. From the end of the pendu- 

 lum, down quite to the ground, the building was exceedingly rent and dam- 

 aged. ... No part of the aforementioned long, small wire, between the clock 

 and the hammer, could be found, except about two Inches that hung to the 

 tail of the hammer, and about as much that was fastened to the clock; the 

 rest being exploded, and Its particles dissipated In smoke and air, as gun- 

 powder is by common are, and had only left a black smutty track on the plas- 

 tering, three or four inches broad, darkest in the middle, and fainter towards 

 the edges, all along the celling, under which it passed, and down the walL" 



One hundred feet of the Hodges Patent Lightning Dlspeller (made under 

 patents of N. D. C. Hodges, Editor of Scieno') will be mailed, postpaid, to any 

 address, on receipt of flve dollars ($5). 



Correspondence elicited. Agents wanted. 



AMERICAN LIGHTNING PROTECTION CO., 



874r Broadway, NeAV York City. 



