Ao.4.1 COUES'S ORNITH. BIBLIOGRAPHY LARID^. 1019 



1878. Saunders, H. On the LariiiPe or Gnlls. <iP.Z.S., Feb. 5, 1878, pp. 155-212, 

 ^ figg. 16. . 



Th's is an admira'ble memoir, -which was immediately accepted as the leading authority 

 upon the subject. The principal previous Laridists were Boie, Brehm, Bruch. Bonaparte, 

 Schlegel, Blasius, Coues, and Sclater and Salvin. 



•' The literature of this group has been rendered specially intricate through the perverted 

 ingenuity of two systematists who have undertaken its revision. Boie and Brehra are not 

 guiltless. . . . But when Bonaparte and Bruch undertook the revision of the Larinae of the 

 whole world, they speedily enveloped the question in a perfect fog of synonymy; . . . and 

 to the work of the declining days of both these authors we owe at least half of the synonymy 

 which encumbers these pages. It was their intention to perform a similar office for the 

 Terns ; but death cut their plans short, ..." 



In Bonaparte's last completed list (for that in Consp. Av. was never finished) in Comptes 

 Mendus, xlii, 1856, p. 770, he makes 68 spp. and 22 genn. of Larince, besides 5 doubtful spe- 

 cies. Schlegel's Mus. Pays-Bas is said by Blasius to be the foundation of aU true Gull- 

 knowledge. Blasius reduces the species to 35. Saunders here gives 49 spp. under the 5 

 genera Pagophila, Rissa, Larus, JRhodostethia, and Xema. These are carefully treated, with 

 copious synonymy, habitat, description in some cases, and the important critical remarks 

 which Mr. Saunders's general familiarity with the subject and especially his examination of 

 many type specimens enabled him to offer. Much of the "fog" is lifted from the subject, 

 •and many of the spectres of Bonaparte's and Bruch's distorting mediumship are laid, it is 

 to be hoped, forever. The figures illustrate the pattern of the primaries of many of the spe- 

 cies. The paper closes with correction of an error, P. Z. S., 1876, p. 671, where two species 

 are united under name of Anous cceruleus. 



Saunders recognizes the following species:—!, Pagophila eburnea. 2, Pissa tridaotyla ,- 

 3, brevirostris. 4, Larus glaueus ,■ 5, leueopterus ; 6, glaucescens ,- 7, argentatus ; 8, cachin- 

 nans; 9, affinis ,- 10, occidentalis ,- 11, fuscus; 12, calif ornicus ; 13, delaiuarensis ; 14, canus ,- 

 15, brachyrhynchus ; 16, auduboni; 17, marinus ; 18, dominicanus ; 19, pacificus; 20, bel- 

 cheri; 21, heermanni ; 22, crassirostris ; 23, modestus ,- 24, fiiliginosiis ; 25, scoresbii ,- 26, novce 

 hollandice (figg. 1-3) ; 27, soopulinus (f. 4) ; 28, hartlaubi (f. 5) ; 29, bidleri (figg. 6, 7) ; 30, gelastes 

 (f. 8); 31, leiicophthalmus ; 32, hemprichi ; 33, atriciU" , U, franklini ; 35, serranus (f. 9); 

 36, brunneicephalus (f. 10); 37, ichthyaetus ,- 38, melan^^._^halus (f. 11); 39, ridibundus (f. 12); 

 40, maculipennis (f. 13); 41, glaucodes (f. 14); 42, cirrocephalus ; 43, phceocephalus ; 44, saun- 

 dersi {f. 15) ; i5,minutus; 46, Philadelphia {f. 16) . 47 , Phodostethia rosea. 4S, Xema sabinii ; 

 49, X. fiircatwrn. 



The foUovnng dates of introduction of generic names may be found useful :— 



1766. Larus, Linn., S. N., p. 224 ; for aU GuUs. 1819. Xema, Leach, App. Pass's Toy., p. Ivii; 

 X. sabinii. 1822. Xema, Boie, Ms, p. 563 ; for European hooded GuUs. 1844. Xema, Boie, 

 Isis, p. 192; for various spp. (N. B. Qavia, Moehring, 1752, out of date; Gavia, Briss., 1760, 

 indefinite.) 1822. Gavia, Boie, Isis, p. 563; L. eburneus and L. tridactylus. 182G. Gavia, 

 Boie, Isis, p. 980 ; L. eburneus. 1844. Gavia, Boie, Isis, p. 191 ; various spp. 1829. Gavia, 

 Kaup, Sk. Ent. Eur. Thierw,, pp. 99,196; L. ridihundus and L. capistratus. 1842. Gavia, 

 Macg., Man. Brit. Oryi., p. 239; for all hooded Gulls. 18.'')3. Gavia, Bruch., J. f. 0., p. 106; 

 for smaU grey-mantled hoodless Gulls. 1825. Pissa, Steph., Shaw's Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. i, p. ' 

 . 180; L. tridactylus. 1829. Cheimmiea, Kaup, Sk. Ent. Eur. Thieriv., pp. 84, 196: L. tridao- 

 tyla. 1829. Pagophila, Kaup, op. cit, pp. 69, 186; L. eburneus. 1829. Lencus, misprint for 

 Leucus, Kaup, op. cit, pp. 86, 196; for L. marinus, glaueus, fuscus. 1857. Leucus, Bp., G.A., 

 ii, p. 215; L. glaueus, etc. 1829. Hydrocolceus, Kaup, op. cit, pp. 113, 190; L. minutus, etc. 

 1829. Ichthyaetus, Kaup, op. cit, pp. 102, 1D6 ; L. ichthywtus. 1831. Laroides, Brehm, Y. D., 

 738 ; for most European hoodlcsb Gulls. 18j6. Chroicocephalus, Eyt(m, Brit B., p. 53 ; for the 

 hooded Gulls (emend Kroieoccx)halus, Jameson, 1839 ; Chroiocephalus, Eeich., Chrcecocephalus, 

 Strickl., 1841; Ghroocephalus, S. & S., 1871). 1838. Possia, Bp., Comp. List, p. 62; no descr. ; 

 preoccupied. 1842. Phodostethia, Macg., op. cit, pt. ii, p. 251 ; L. roseus. 1842. Cetosparae- 

 tes, Macg,. torn. cit. p. 251 : L. ehur.ieus. (Catosparactes, Gray, G. of B., iii, 1845, p. 655, note.) 



1852. Plautvs, Eeieh., Nat. Syst Yog. Longip., p. 5 (after Klein, 1750; out of date). 1853. 

 Glaueus, Bruch, J. f. O., p. 101; for large and medium gray -mantled spp. 1853. Gabiamis 

 "Bp.", Bmch, J. f. O., p. 100; Bp., Naum., 1854, pp. 211, 215; L. pacificus. 1854. Gavina, 

 Bp., Naum., p. 212; for L. canus, etc. 1857. Gavina, Bp., G. A., ii, p. 222; L. audouini^ 



1853. Dominicanus. Bruch, J.f. O., p. 100; for large dark-mantled GuUs. 1853. Leucophceus 

 "Bp.", Bi'uch, J. f. O., p. 108; L. scnresbii. 1854. Leucophceus, Bp., Naum., p. 211; also in- 

 cludes L. heermanjii. 1857. Leucophceus, Bp., O. A., ii, p. 231; L. fuliginosus And L. beleheri. 

 1853. Blasipus "Bp.", Bruch, J. f 0., p. 108; L. modestus. 1854. Blasipus, Bp., Naum., p. 

 211, includes crassirostris. 1853. Adelarus "Bp.", Bruch, J. f. O., p. 106; for dark-mantled 

 hooded spp. 1854. Gelastes, Bp., Naum., p. 212; for L. gelastes, etc. 1854. Atricilla, Bp., 

 Naum., p. 212; for L. atricilla. 1854. Creagrus, Bp., Naum., p. 213; for L.furcatus. 1854. 



