FEOM THE society's GARDEXS. 673 



spermatozoa into the female organs. Outside the Insecta this is 

 the tj'pical spermatophore well known by zoologists to occur in 

 Urodeles, Oephalopods, Decapods, Myriapods, and elsewhere. 

 Among insects true spermatophores are possessed by Grillus (16), 

 Dytiscus marginalis (17), and others. (2) Spermatodosen or 

 structures which arise in the female sexual organs and serve " zur 

 Dosierung des Samens bei derBefruchtung der abzulegenden Eier." 

 To this group belong the flask- and retort-shaped bodies in the 

 receptaculum seminis of many Locustids, where they were first 

 discovered so long ago as 1791 by Gabriel Brunelli (18), and first 

 accurately described by Carl T. von Siebold in 1845(13) in Decti- 

 cus iier7'ucivo7-us. To this category belong also the spermatophore- 

 shaped structures discovered by Cholodkovsky in Trichoptera (19) 

 and the " spermatophores " of certain Lepidoptera. (3) Spermato- 

 phragmen, or masses of gland secretion, serving as a medium for 

 the transference of the spermatozoa from the male to the female, 

 for the maintenance of the spermatozoa during copulation, or for 

 the (^losing up of the female genital opening. Examples : some 

 Locustid females and the " Sackchen " of Parnassius. (4) Sperm- 

 atodesmen * or bundles of spermatozoa united to form feather- 

 shaped structures, a.nd so on. 



The so-called spermatophores of the Mallophaga are spermato- 

 dose, and were discovered in Lipeitrus jejunus by Kramer in 

 1869 (12), in a valuable and careful memoir which has since been 

 neglected by writers on the Mallophaga as well as by Cholod- 

 kovsky, Ballowitz, Blunck, and others engaged in the study of 

 insect spermatophores. Kramer noticed a number of flask-shaped 

 vessels lying loose in the receptacidum seminis of the female, and 

 as they were too large to permit of their passage up the narrow 

 chitinous duct, Kramer concluded that they arose within the 

 receptaculum, and claimed to have detected the necks of half- 

 formed flasks in a special layer of epithelial cells within the 

 7-eceptaculu'))i, 



Cholodkovsky's summary of the reasons for thinking that these 

 interesting spermatodose arise within the female is very sugges- 

 tive, and it is to be hoped that the problem may be satisfactorily 

 elucidated by an examination of further parasites from the 

 Zoological Gardens, well fixed and carefully preserved. 



Rather than be classed under the general term spermatophore^ 

 the three new terms introduced by Cholodkovsky should be used 

 in contradistinction to it, spermatozeugma being substituted for 

 spermatodesmen. 



The Philopteri of Numenius. 



Henry Denny, who, with Nitzsch and Giebel, shares the honour 

 of laying the foundations of our knowledge of the Mallophaga, 

 describes in his remarkable Monograph of British Lice, published 

 in 1840, two species of Philopterus fi-om the Curlew [Numenius 

 arqnata (Linn.)), viz. P. testitdinarius and P. ht/meralis. In 



* Tliis is tlie speniiatozeugma of Ballowitz (20). 



