182 WISCONSIK" ACADEMY SCIEXCES, ARTS, AND LETTERS. 



US happy is good." (do 85, 20 and 115, 15.) " In being useful the 

 soul moves according to nature." (do 109, 12.) " Whatever is good 

 is always profitable. If it be not profitable, it is not good; if it be 

 it is so." (do 117, 27.) "Utility is the standard of neeessit}"," (or 

 conformity to nature, do 39,6.) ''Public and private utility are 

 inseparable." (do 16, 10.) '" The only proper aim of the giver is 

 the advantage of the receiver." (De Beuificiis iv, 9, 1.) "Our dut}'' 

 certainly is to be useful to other human beings and to as many as 

 possible, for in doing good to others we perform the common 

 work." (De Otio iii, 5.) " Punish without anger, not as if revenge 

 were sweet, and only so far as it is useful.'' (De Ira, Lib. ii, 33, 1.) 

 ''AH men seek what is useful and according to nature." (Epictetus, 

 Discourses, i. 18.) " No one can tliiuk anything really useful and 

 not choose it." (do i, 28.) "When therefore an}' one identifies his 

 interest with those of sanctity, virtue, country, parents, and 

 friends, all these are secured, but whenever he places his interest 

 in anything else than friends, country, family, and justice, then 

 these all give way, borne down by the v/eight of self-interest. For 

 wherever I and mine are placed, thither must every living being 

 gravitate." do ii, 22, Higginson p. 174.) "Why did x\gamemnou 

 and Achilles disagree? Because they did not know v/hat is useful 

 and what is useless." (do ii, 21.) '"Consider the antecedents and 

 the consequences of every action." (do iii, 15, also in the Eucheir- 

 idion, xxix.) " Every creature is formed by nature for pursuing 

 and admiring the things which appear beneficial." (Ench. xxxi.) 

 When 3'ou imagine any pleasure, don't be carried away by it, but 

 wait awhile. Then think how you will grieve and blame yourself 

 for enjo3dng it, and how you will rejoice and please yourself for 

 having abstained." (Ench. xxxiv.) "This above all is the busi- 

 ness of nature, to correct and apply the active powers to what ap- 

 pears fit and beneficial." (Fragment Ixiv in Higginson's Epictetus, 

 Ixix in Didot's, Paris, 1842.) * 



Note. — The first ninety-one of these fragments, as Higginson gives them, and 

 some later ones are from Stobaeus, who lived about 300 years after Epictetus, but 

 who shared liis vsews so fiir, and has received such general confidence, that I quote 

 all lie furnishes of importance. Others are from Maximus and contain nothing to 

 the purpose. The rest are from Antonius Melissa, a work in the dark ages, some 

 600 or 1000 years later than than the philosopher whom he quotes at second hand, 

 through the untri stworthy medium of the church fathers. To his extracts I shall 

 make no further reference except to mention that one passage (Higginson cv.;) is 

 decidedly derivative and may fairly be paired off' with another, (Higginson xcii,) 

 which is the only expresssion of intuitionalism I have found among the sayings 

 ascribed to Epictetus. 



