WERE THE STOICS UTILITARIANS? 191 



ness, but as a part of their happiness" (p. 53-1). "Virtue, above all 

 things important to the general happiness" (p. 58). 



With the above passages should b3 cited these two from the 

 articles on Comte. " No one, who understands any morality at all, 

 would object to the proposition that egoism is bound, and should 

 always be taught to give way to the well understood interests of 

 enlarged altruism. It is an error often, but falsely, charged against 

 the whole class of utilitarian moralists " to require " that the test 

 of conduct should also be the exclusive motive to it " (p. 125-6 of 

 the Reprint). 



Sir James Mackintosh also maintained (according to Bain's Moral 

 Science, p. 261), that " the utility is the remote and final justifica- 

 tion of all actions accounted right, but not the immediate motive 

 in the mind of the agent." 



These passages give, with but incidental differences, the views 

 not only of Bain and Spencer, but of Hume, Locke and Cumber- 

 land, and with these philanthropic utilitarians, the Stoics and Per- 

 ipatetics would have agreed much more readily than the Epicure- 

 ans. The Stoical literature is especially rich in passages honoring 

 the social feelings and teaching universal philanthropy. 



*' Nature endears man to man," (De officiis I. 44.) " Nothing is 

 more natural to man than kindness," (do I, 14, 1.) "All men are 

 plainly in union with each other," (do 1, 16, 5.) "Knowledge is 

 empty and isolated, unless accompanied by love of all mankind, 

 and of universal brotherhood," (do I. 44, 8.) " The brotherhood of 

 the whole human race is especially in accordance with nature." 

 (do TIL 5, 2.) They say that we should love our fel ow citizens, 

 but not foreigners, destroy the universal fellowship of mankind, 

 with v.^hich would perish kindness, benovolence and justice," (do 

 III. 6, 6.) " The same law of nature joins us all together," (do III. 

 6. 3 ) " Care for other men and serve the human brotherhood," 

 (do III. 12, 7.) "Nature has inclined us to love our fellow men, and 

 this is the foundation of the law." (De Legibus 1, 15.) " Nature so 

 endears us to each other that no man should ever be unfriendly to 

 another, simply because he is a man," (De Finibus III. 19.) "Nature 

 bids us prefer the general advantage to our own; for all the uni- 

 verse is one common city of men and gods," (do do.) " We are im- 

 pelled by nature to benefit as many people as possible, born for hu- 

 man brotherhood, and joined together in one great community," 



