6 Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, A7^ts^ and Letters. 



estates are regularly stated in some such manner as this : ^'Mansa 

 J^V2^6''' hunaria XII, et ille diniidius per hunaria F"/" — " fifteen 

 mansi of twelve bunuaria each, and a half one of six bunuaria." 

 The size of the mansus varies exactly as that of the virgate in 

 English manors*; that is, it is generally uniform in the same 

 villa, but ranges in the different villas from ten to twenty-four 

 bunuaria, with sometimes, however, two or three different stand- 

 ards in the same villa. For example, in Pupurninga there are ten 

 mansi of twenty-four lunuaria ; ten of twenty ; ten of fifteen ; 

 seventeen of thirteen, and one-half mansi of eight. We find also 

 a large number of peasants with independent holdings, not given 

 as mansa, and very irregular in amount ; like the freeholders of 

 England. 



The result of this inquiry, which embraces all the documents 

 relating to France which I have been able to examine, is com- 

 pletely to confirm the expectations which appeared probable on 

 general grounds. We find here and there, especially in those 

 provinces~which had a considerable Grerman element in the popu- 

 lation, decided indications of uniformity in single villages or 

 estates, sometimes even on a larger scale. But as a whole, uni- 

 formity is not the rule but the exception ; the communities, if 

 they were such, appear to have been isolated and scattered amid 

 a population which was prevailingly irregular and heterogeneous. 



*See Transactions, Vol. II, p. 223. 



