46 Wisconsin Academy of Sciences^ Arts, and LcUtrs. 



and trunk, shall be relatively small ; that the calvariura shall be 

 small and long, and the intellectual powers limited ; that the head 

 shall be long, because the jaws and the muscles are extended. 



Again, likewise, it any individual be characterized by the de- 

 velopment of the thinking system, the harmonic rule demands, 

 not only that the head shall be large, but consequently that the 

 other two portions, the trunk and limbs, shall be relatively small ; 

 that the head shall not only be large, but that the upper part, the 

 calvarium, shall be largest, giving a pyramidal appearance to the 

 head ; that the trunk and limbs, however elegantly formed, shall 

 be relatively feeble, the former often liable to disease, the latter to 

 accident. 



It must be borne in mind, however, that there may be innu- 

 merable combinations and modifications of these characteristics, 

 certain greater ones, nevertheless, generally predominating. 



The following are some of the principal rules, which, either by 

 intuition or distinctly defined, guided the practice of the ancient 

 Greeks : 



First, in regard to the thinking system. In the head, in partic- 

 ular, may be observed character, or a permanent and invariable 

 form, which defines its capabilities and expression or temporary 

 and variable fo)'ms, which indicate its actual functions. As char- 

 acter is permanent and invariable, it depends fundamentally on 

 permanent and invariable parts, the hones. And as expression is 

 temporary and variable, it depends on the shifting and vital parts, 

 the muscles. 



The suggestion of the bony structure, then, giving character, 

 and of the action of the muscles, giving expression, we find al- 

 ways represented in a masterly manner by the Greeks, minuter 

 forms which are universal, and without which nature is imper- 

 fectly represented. These are details of the highest order, because 

 the means of expressing intellect, emotion or passion. Between 

 these intellectual means, these higher details and those of a lower 

 order, the great artists of Greece distinguished. The lower details, 

 such as wrinkles and folds of the skin, projecting veins, peculiari- 

 ties of the hair, beard, etc., these have always characterized in- 

 ferior artists and decadent art. 



