164: Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. 



MIND IN THE LOWEE ANIMALS. 



BY J. S. JEWELL, M. D.. 



Professor of Mental and Nervous Dieease8 in the Chicago Medical College, and Correepond- 



ing Member of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters. 



My subject is that of " the evidences of mind in the lower ani- 

 maUy The first thing to be done, in a case like the present, 

 is to define the meaning of the leading terms. This is one of 

 the golden rales of discussion. Then, what is mind ? Before 

 trying to answer this question, which, by the way, is not a new 

 one, I should tell you that it was not my plan to determine, ex- 

 cept in a superficial sort of way, what mind really is. It would 

 require more than one lecture to deal adequately with that 

 question. For my present purpose, it is sufficient to assume the 

 existence of something, which may be called mind, whether mo- 

 tional or immotional, the presence and action of which is known 

 usually by certain signs, by which beings possessed of mind are 

 commonly distinguished from those that do not have it. It is 

 with these signs, rather than the mind itself, that I am to deal. 

 But once again, what is mind? It is much easier to ask this 

 question than it is to answer it. You all know it has been, and 

 at this hour it would be answered very differently by various 

 persons, who have given themselves (following different methods) 

 to its study. 



But taking all these answers together, aside from unessential 

 particulars, they may be divided into two principal classes, which 

 are susceptible again of division into sub-classes. But I am to 

 call your attention to the two principal classes mentioned. They 

 may be described as follows : 



In the one case, the phenomena called mental are not attributed 

 to any other agent or source than the material organism itself. 

 In this view there is no such being as a mind numerically differ- 

 ent from the body of the animal, neither before nor after death. 

 The word mind is simply a name for the aggregate of functions 

 of the nervous system, at any rate of its higher functions. There 

 is no actual proof of the existence of any such immaterial, immor- 

 tal entity, as that usually designated by the terms, mind, soul. 



