Mind in the Loioer Animals. L67 



is passing within us. There are two ways then of studying mind. 

 One of them is applicable to ourselves alone, and is confined to 

 the states and acts of our own mind. This is the method of in- 

 trospection, or of looking within our own minds, to directly ob- 

 serve our own mental acts and states, and not the signs of them. 

 The other method is also in a measure applicable to our own 

 bodies. It is the objective method. It is from first to last di- 

 rectly compared with the signs of mental states and acts. It is the 

 only method by which we can study the mental states and acts 

 of other individuals, whether man or animals. And the only way 

 in which we can make our observations useful or intelligible is, 

 by a recurrence to our own internal experience, our self observa- 

 tions, which have taught us in various degrees of fullness and per- 

 fection, that certain internal, and hence invisible, mental states 

 and acts, are either preceded or followed by certain bodily condi- 

 tions and signs. The key of the interpretation lies within. If 

 this is true, then it may happen that we would be liable to be 

 deceived by persons who in some way exhibit the signs of 

 thought or feeling, and yet do not truly experience the states or 

 the mental acts, which in a truthful experience the signs represent. 

 And this is sadly too true, as nearly all can testify. Hence, it 

 happens that a mask, a statue, a picture, may exhibit the signs of 

 feeling, for example, so perfectly as to excite the same state in 

 ourselves, notwithstanding the object has only the signs, and not 

 the fact of thought or feeling. This, I say, is the only method ap- 

 plicable directly to the study of the minds of other beings. It is 

 the one that must therefore be applied to the study of animals. 

 All we can do is to observe them, under varying conditions, and 

 see how they act, or what they do, and then interpret their actions 

 by appeals to our own personal experience in similar conditions. 

 And this, as I have said, is the way in which one must study 

 other men. 



But to return from this partial discussion. By persons of this 

 second class, mind is held to be the invisible, intelligent energy, 

 with which, in connection with the body, we truly feel, will, and 

 think, and which permeates the body, possibly only the brain, and 

 uses it, for sake of illustration, as the invisible magnet force, which 



