Mind in the Lower Animals. 173 



ingly issue their orders, insist upon obedience, and will not permit 

 any of the privates to stray from the ranks. There are some 

 ants which till the ground, plant ihe particular grain on which 

 they feed, cut it when ripe, and store it away in subterranean 

 granaries. There are ants which bury their dead. There are ants 

 who have slaves, as already intimated, and compel them to labor 

 while their masters live on its proceeds, just as we have known 

 of man. How can we attribute all these things to instinct? If 

 so, let us call the whole thing instinct, and so end it. 



Take the case of the bee. It has required a small volume in 

 which to record the doings of these little creatures, which, to say 

 the least, are curious. Take the case of weak hives, which on 

 that account are liable to the incursions of more powerful neigb- 

 bors, who are ever ready to appropriate the works of the thrift of 

 their less powerful neighbors. In such cases, it has been fre- 

 quently observed that the weaker colony casts up a cross within 

 the entrance or hallyport to their hive, a wall of wax, etc., called, 

 I believe, a trave7'se, in engineering parlance. Upon entering, the 

 bee is at once confronted by this traverse, and is obliged to turn 

 either to the right or left to enter the hive proper. But in so doing 

 it must pass a very narrow way at either end of the traverse. By 

 this means a few bees can defend a hive against the assault of a 

 very large number of marauding bees. But all hives do not have 

 this traverse, and why not ? Is it made in obedience to a blind 

 tendency, such as an instinct is ordinarily held to be ? If so, why 

 do not all hives have the traverse ? It seems to me, the only 

 natural way is to admit that such doings are an evidence of the 

 possession of mind. 



Sometime since a gentleman was struck by a happy thought, 

 viz. : one in which he could utilize bees. He formed the design 

 of exporting a number of hives to the island of Hawaii, where 

 there are flowers all the year round. His thought appears to have 

 been that, as bees gather honey guided solely by a blind tendency 

 or an instinct, that they would work all the year round, and hence 

 make honey all the year, and if so, become a source of no small 

 profit. If they gathered honey wholly from a mere blind im- 

 pulse, his expectations would have been fulfilled. But in the 



