160 DK. A\ E. SHELFORl) ON THE LIFE-HISTORIES AND 



larval stage to maturity, have served to verify and complete the accounts. 

 The races and species considered are : — '^purpurea, Oliv. ; purpurea, Oliv. sub- 

 species limbalis, Klg. ; formosa, Say, sub-species generosa, Dj. ; duodecim- 

 guttata, Dj. ; duodecimguttata, Dj. sub-species repanda, Dj. ; tranqueharica, 

 Herbst ; scutellaris, Say, aber. Lecontei, Hald. ; hirticolUs, Say ; sexguttata, 

 Fab. ; punctidata, Oliv. ; lepida, Lee. ; and cuprascens, Lee. 



For convenience I shall discuss in detail the life-history and larval habits 

 of C. purpurea. The accounts of the remaining species will be comparative, 

 and the points in which they differ from that of purpurea will be especially 

 noted. Unless otherwise stated, it is to be understood that the length of th© 

 various stages is approximately the same as in purpurea : — Period of 

 incubation, 2 weeks ; fii-st larval stage, 4 to 5 weeks ; second larval stage, 

 5 to 7 weeks ; pupal and prepupal stages, each 2 to 3 weeks. 



CiCINDELA. PURPUREA. 



Ihe Ovipositor. — The ovipositor (PI. 23. figs. 1, 2 & 3) of Cicindela purpurea 

 is made up of abdominal segments 8, 9 and 10 and their appendages. The 

 posterior part of the seventh and anterior part of the eighth segment are soft 

 and pliable, serving to permit the entire posterior end of the abdomen to be 

 withdrawn into the segments in front, as is the case in many Coleoptera. 

 The posterior half of the eighth segment possesses on its dorsal and ventral 

 sides respectively, a chitinized plate. These two plates are separated by a 

 soft portion representing the pleuron, which makes it possible for them to 

 approach each other very closely. The ventral plate is prolonged backward 

 in the form of a pair of pointed projections, representing the gonapophyses of 

 the eighth segment. On the ventral side of the ninth segment is borne 

 a pair of movable, strongly chitinized gonapophyses, which are used in 

 digging into the soil for egg-laying (PI. 23. figs. 1, 2 & 3). Also arising 

 from this segment (9th), as can be followed in a series of pupas, are to be 

 found an outer pair of appendages. Li the adult, these lie dorsal and somewhat 

 separated from the others, at the sides of the tenth segment which is without 

 appendages. The outer gonapophyses of the ninth segment and the tenth 

 segment are covered with hairs, which are in all probability sensory. Li the 

 pupa, the outgrowths which are to form the movable gonapophyses are present 

 at the moulting of the larval skin and stand out as well differentiated parts. 



Mating and Egg-laying. — The mating and egg-laying habits were observed 

 in animals in captivity in the latter part of April, 1904, 1905, and 1906. 

 Specimens captured at Lyons, 111., April 22, 1904, were carefully studied, 



* The nomenclature used in this paper is to he found in Horn's " Sjstematischer Index 

 der Cicindeliden," Deutsch. Ent. Zeit., Feb. 1905, Supplement. C. scutellaris, Say, however, 

 stands in that publication as obscura, Say, the corresponding change having been made by 

 the same author in a later publication. 



