IQ^ DR. V. E. SHELFORD ON THE LIFE-HISTORIES AND 



of April and lay eggs and die. The larval life lasts from twelve to thirteen 

 months and the adult life ten months — two years between generations. 



The essential features of Enock's account of the life-history of C. campestris 

 are as follows : — The larvffi live through two winters, deepening their holes 

 each autumn and appearing again in the spring. An oblique pupal cavity is 

 made in August. The adults emerge in autumn, remain through the third 

 winter in the pupal cell in an inactive state and come out in the spring of the 



third year. 



He does not state the number of larval stages nor did he breed any of 

 the insects. The larv« of a number of North American species live over 

 only one winter and the last larval stages of two generations overlap, so 

 that one finds very young larvae and mature larvse of this stage in July. 

 From field observations alone one might conclude that the larvse live over two 

 winters. 



CiCINDELA PURPUREA, Subsp. LIMBALIS. 



The adults appear later in the spring than those of purpurea and the egg- 

 lavino- takes place in June. The female, after fertilization, selects a place 

 to"^ deposit eggs (they are laid in clay) by first trying the soil as I have 

 described for purpurea. In my cages the larvse were not carried further than 

 the second stage, but they have been observed in nature in a habitat where only 

 this species occurs ; from this locality, about six hundred larvse have been 

 collected and reared to maturity. 



In the early part of September, only larvse of the first and second stages 

 can be found, and later in the autumn the first stage becomes very scarce. 

 They pass the winter chiefly in the second stage and appear in the latter part 

 of May or the first of June when they enter the last stage. The larval 

 burrows enter nearly at right angles to the surface of the steep clay bank in 

 which the larvfB live, and curve into a nearly horizontal position at the inner 

 end ; the depth is from 7-5 to 10 cm. A chimney-like structure about 6 mm. 

 in height is usually built up at the mouth of the hole with clay removed from 

 the bottom. The pupal cell is made by enlarging and shifting the inner end 

 of the burrow (PI. 24. fig. 18). They enter the prepupal stage during the 

 first two weeks of July. 



Some of the adults appear in the early part of August in some years and 

 undergo a series of colour-changes. The stragglers of the former generation 

 may be present in small numbers in the early part of August and continue mixed 

 with the young ones as late as September. The adults hibernate and appear in 

 the spring, reaching sexual maturity in June, about a month later than does 

 the true purpurea. 



Weather Conditions and Time of Appearance. — The latter part of July, 1905, 

 was very wet and warm at Chicago and I found fresh limbalis in numbers at 

 Glencoc on August 3rd. July, 1906, on the contrary, was very dry and I 



