220 



SCIENCE. 



[N. S. Vol. IV. No. 86. 



attention to this fact for the Michigamme 

 district. 



lu my previous article I suggested that 

 the period of this ancient denudation was 

 Cretaceous, and gave reasons for the belief 

 that the predominating agent in the process 



was sub-aerial erosion. 



C. E. Van Hise. 



CURRENT NOTES ON PHYSIOGRAPHY. 

 SAN FRANCISCO PENINSULA. 



The geology of the San Francisco penin- 

 sula by Lawson (16th Ann. Eep. U. S. G. S.) 

 closes with a chapter on its geomorphy, in 

 which it is shown that two fault blocks — 

 San Bruno and Montara, the first more 

 carved than the second — dominate the form 

 of the region. The bounding faults trend 

 northwest, and the fault scarps faced south- 

 west. After faulting and well advanced 

 dissection, a progressive emergence of the 

 two blocks in unison revealed marine ter- 

 races at various levels on their flanks. 

 E-ecently a slight submergence has drowned 

 the lower stretches of the valleys, the 

 Golden Gate being then made a waterway. 

 An effective colored relief map, photo- 

 graphed from a model, brings out the 

 topography very clearly. 



TURKEY LAKE, INDIANA. 



A BIOLOGICAL study of Turkey lake, Indi- 

 ana, under the direction of C. H. Eigen- 

 mann, of the Indiana University Biological 

 Station, gives many details concerning out- 

 line, depth and temperature (Proc. Indiana 

 Acad. Sci., V., 1895) that may serve as 

 typical for the smaller morainic lakes of the 

 prairie States. For dimensions the surface 

 is five and a-half long by about a mile wide, 

 with a perimeter of over twenty miles and 

 an area of 5.66 square miles. Soundings 

 have shown the bottom to be of rolling 

 morainic form, like the adjacent county. 

 The greatest depth is nearly 70 feet ; the 

 average depth, 17. Small natural changes 



have occurred in depth or outline, except for 

 the conversion of shallow marginal water 

 into swamps. The catchment basin being 

 small, it is estimated that only seven inches 

 of water are drained off through the outlet, 

 while thirty inches pass away by evapora- 

 tion. The action of ice in forming beaches 

 is described, following Eussell. 



GEOLOGY AND SCENERY OF SUTHERLAND. 



This attractive little book of a hundred 

 pages by H. M. Cadell, now appears in a 

 second edition (Edinburgh, Douglas, 1896) 

 and gives us northern Scotland in a nut- 

 shell. Although chiefly occupied with 

 geological structure and succession, and 

 with diagram and experimental illustration 

 of the ' secret of the highlands,' due atten- 

 tion is given to the topographic forms char- 

 acteristic of each formation. The bold 

 mountains of nearly horizontal Torridon 

 sandstone, of which the superb Suilven is 

 among the most striking, are benched and 

 cliffed around by the harder layers, and 

 seem to bear witness to the long undis- 

 turbed attitude of these ancient strata ; but 

 they are neatly shown to have recovered 

 from a tilted position into which they were 

 thrown in pre-Cambrian times. Eight page 

 plates, a dozen figures, an orographical and 

 a geological map illustrate the text. 



GEOGRAPHY IN THE ENGLISH UNIVERSITIES. 



Sir Clements Markham, in his recent 

 annual address to the Royal Geograph- 

 ical Society, announces that the geograph- 

 ical readership at Oxford, subsidized for 

 ten years past by the Society, will be 

 continued by the University without out- 

 side aid ; the position still being held by 

 Mackinder. Oldham, at Cambridge, has a 

 less assured position, the subsidy there be- 

 ing still continued. Herbertson, at Man- 

 chester, is not mentioned, as the Society has 

 not given a subsidy there. It is proposed 

 that a London School of Geography of uni- 

 versity rank should be formed under the 



