448 



SCIENCE. 



[N. S. Vol. IV. No. 91. 



dense forest of the lodge pole, or Murray 

 pine (Pinus murrayana) , more or less mixed 

 with Douglas spruce (Pseudotsuga taxifolia), 

 white fir (Abies concolor) and white pine 

 (Pinus monticola) . This belt is invaded by 

 the hemlock (Tsuga pattoniana) , and red- 

 bark fir (Abies nobilis) of the zone above. 

 At about 6,200 feet the trees of the middle 

 or Canadian Zone fail, except on the warm- 

 er exposures, and one enters the superb 

 forest of the Hudsonian or upper zone, a 

 forest of splendid firs (Abies nobilis), and 

 sombre hemlocks {Tsuga pattoniana) , spar- 

 ingly mixed with the sub-alpine fir (Abies 

 lasiocarpa) and white-bark pine (Pinus albi- 

 caulis). The monstrous cones of the red- 

 bark fir, with their bright red seed wings 

 and exserted bracts, are among the wonders 

 of the vegetable kingdom ; while the dark 

 hemlocks, with their drooping branches 

 draped in the long hanging beards of a 

 blackish lichen, rank among the giants, 

 some of their trunks measuring 17|^ feet 

 around. 



TJie Columbia black-tail deer (Cariacus 

 columbianus) is common on the mountains 

 and furnished our camp with fresh meat. 

 Large trout abound in Klamath Lake, at 

 the south foot of the Mountain, and afford 

 excellent fishing. Klamath Lake is also 

 the resort of thousands of ducks and other 

 waterfowl. Hence the sportsman, as well 

 as the tourist, naturalist, and lover of the 

 grand and beautiful in Nature, is sure to 

 find the Crater Lake region a place of un- 

 usual interest. For scenic beauty and 

 grandeur Crater Lake, with its deep blue 

 waters walled in by towering cliffs and rug- 

 ged crags, ranks among the gems of Ameri- 

 can scenery. C. H. M. 



CURRENT NOTES ON PHYSIOGRAPHY. 

 DRUMLINS IlSr SWITZERLAND. 



Dr. J. Fruh, of Zurich, gives an account 

 of * Die Drumlins Landschaft ' — following by 

 over twenty years Desor's Paysage morain- 



ique — with especial reference to the Alpine 

 foreland ( Jahresber. St. Gall, naturwis. Ge- 

 sellsch., 1896). After a serviceable re- 

 view of the distribution and description of 

 drumlins in other countries, especially Ire- 

 land and the United States, the author de- 

 scribes in detail a number of localities, from 

 Lake Constance to the Keuss. JSTot until 

 1893 were drumlins recognized in the Al- 

 pine foreland; Sieger then describing a 

 group of them on the peninsula between the 

 two arms of Lake Constance (Richth of en- 

 Festschrift). It now appears that the Pied- 

 mont area overspread by the Rhine glacier 

 in the latest glacial epoch contains a large 

 number of radially arranged drumlins, 

 whose attitude confirms the divergent di- 

 rection of ice movement indicated by the 

 dispersal of certain peculiar boulders in a 

 district where striae are almost wanting. 

 The broad spreading of the glacier on the 

 Piedmont area is shown by the deflection of 

 the drumlins on the extreme right and left 

 of Lake Constance, about 80° from the 

 axis of the lake. The finest drumlin land- 

 scape of Switzerland is said to be a little 

 south Pf affikon, northeast of Lake Zurich, 

 in the district of the Limmat glacier. Friih 

 advocates the subglacial origin of drumlins, 

 comparing them to sandbanks in rivers, as 

 have other authors, but recognizing that 

 some difficulties attend this explanation. 

 In certain localities, the drumlins appear 

 to be formed of overriden moraines. 



TOPOGRAPHY OF SOUTHERN TUNIS. 



Capt. E. de Larminat, of the geographi- 

 cal service of the French army, makes an 

 interesting study of topographic forms in 

 southern Tunis (Ann. de Geogr., v., 1896, 

 386-406). The initial form of the region 

 appears to have been an extensive anti- 

 clinal dome ; but this is now broadly un- 

 roofed. A ridge with an infacing escarp- 

 ment, maintained on a resistant stratum, 

 encloses an inner lowland, eroded on 



