596 



SCIENCE. 



[N. S. Vol. IV. No. 95, 



genus. At first this category generally was 

 given a descriptive designation ; but soon 

 the tendency to employ, as a part of the 

 designation, the stem of the principal 

 generic name became marked, and the use 

 of the patronymic suflBx -idee in connection 

 with a generic name was adopted and, as 

 time has advanced, has become more and 

 more general. But the assent to this 

 method is not universal. There are still 

 some excellent zoologists who refuse to be 

 bound by the rule, and who adopt the 

 oldest family name, whether it be denomi- 

 native or patronymic and whatever may be 

 the termination. 



The five categories thus recognized were 

 very generally admitted, and for a long 

 time were the only ones recognized by 

 many naturalists. But gradually suborders, 

 subfamilies and subgenera were taken up. 

 Further, the word ' tribe ' was often used, 

 but with different applications. Still other 

 divisions were occasionally introduced, 

 but the most elaborate of all the schemes for 

 gradation of the groups of the animal king- 

 dom were those proposed by Bleeker* and 

 Haeckel.f They are reproduced in the 

 following parallel columns, in which their 

 applications to fishes and mammals are 

 likewise shown : 



Vertebrata Phylum 



Pachycardia Subphy lum 



Allantoidia Cladus 



Subcladus 



Mammalia Classis Classis Pisces 



MonodelphiaSnbclassis Subclassis Monopnoi 



Divisio Dirhiniehthyes 



Deciduata Legio Legio Eleutherognathi 



Discopla- Sublegio Sublegio Ctneobranchii 

 centalia 



Series Isopleuri 



Subseries KanonHcodermi 



Phalanx Alethinichthyes 

 Snh-phalekTixNeopoiesicMhyes 



Caterva Katapieseocephali 



Bodentia Oedo Oedo Percse 



Subordo Subordo Percichthyini [sic!] 



MyomorpJia Sectio Sectio Paristemipteri 



Subsectio 



Tribus Percichthyini [sic!] 



*Enumeratio specierum Piscium hucusque in Archi- 

 pelago Indico observatorum, p. xi et seq. 



fGenerelle Morphologie der Organismen, II., 400. 



Murina Familia Familia Percoidei 



Subfamilia Subfamilia Percseformes 

 Arvicolida Tribus Cohors ^^ 



Hypudsei Subtribus Stirps 

 Arvicola Genus Genus Perca 



Subgenus 

 Paludicola Cohors 



Subeohors 

 Arvicola Species Species Perca fliiviatilis^ 



ampMMus 



Subspecies 

 Arvicola Varietas 



{amphib- 



ius) ter- 



restris 

 Arvicola Subvarietas 



( amphib- 



ius terres- 



tris) ar- 



gentora- 



tensis 



Here we have a total of 31 categories in- 

 termediate between the kingdom and the 

 individual of an animal form. The tools 

 have become too numerous, and some were 

 rarely used by the authors themselves. 

 Thus the cohors and stirps were not called 

 into requisition by Bleeker for the Percoidei 

 (though they were for the subdivision of 

 the Cyprinoidei), and in the recent clas- 

 sification of the Eadiolarians, Professor ' 

 Haeckel did not find it necessary to draw 

 upon the tribus or subtribus for the arrange- 

 ment of any family. None others have 

 adopted in detail either of the elaborate 

 schemes proposed by their distinguished au- 

 thors, and even those authors themselves 

 have not, in their later works, gone into the 

 details they provided for in their schemes. 

 The only divisional name that has been 

 used to any great extent is tribe. That has 

 been frequently employed, but in different 

 ways — sometimes for the division of an or- 

 der, sometimes within a suborder, some- 

 times for a section of a family, again for a 

 part of a subfamily, and even for a fragment 

 of a genus. ''== In two of these widely differ- 



*The words Phalanx, Cohors and Series (if not 

 others) have been used recently in another manner by / , 

 Dr. F. A. Smitli in the ,' History of Scandinavian ^ / 

 Fishes. ' The sequence in that work is Classis, Ordo, / 

 Subordo, Phalanx, Cohors, Series, Familia, Subfam- 

 ilia, Genus, Subgenus, Species. 



