October 30, 1896.] 



SCIENCE. 



647 



SECTION V. 



Dr. M. Friedmann (Mannheim) consid- 

 ered tlie problem of tlie developm^ent of 

 judgments in primitive peoples. 



Dr. H. Gutzmann (Berlin) discussed tlie 

 relation between the speech of the savage 

 and the child's speech. He showed that the 

 child's learning to speak was an exact par- 

 allel to the development of speech among 

 primitive peoples. 



Dr. A. Marro (Turin) spoke of the psy- 

 choses of puberty. He divided these into 

 three classes: (1) Psychosis of first reflec- 

 tion; (2) Psychosis, presenting the char- 

 acter of hebephrenie, and (3) psychosis from 

 organic, either congenital or acquired, 

 causes. 



J. Friedrich (Wiirzburg) described some 

 experiments to determine the effect of con- 

 tinued work and of work with occasional 

 periods of recreation on the accuracy of the 

 work of school children. 



J. W. David (Warschaw, Eussia) an- 

 nounced some results on the development 

 of school children. 



S. I. Franz and Dr. H. GrifSng (ISTew 

 York) communicated some results on the 

 conditions of fatigue in reading. The experi- 

 ments were to determine what kind of type, 

 paper and illumination were least fatiguing 

 to the eye. The most important condition 

 was found to be large type, but for the most 

 economical use of the eyes good paper and 

 good illumination are necessary. 



M. Vaschide and G. S. Ferrari (San 

 Maurizio) reported the results of some ex- 

 periments on the memory for lines. Lines 

 of from 2 to 40 mm. long were used and it 

 was found that the shortest ones were more 

 accurately reproduced. Distraction, strange 

 to say, favored the memory, the best results 

 being obtained under these conditions. 

 Alcohol had a varying effect, causing the 

 smaller lines to appear greater and the 

 larger ones smaller. 



Dr. J. Cohn (Berlin) gave the results of 



experiments on individual memory differ- 

 ences. The acoustic type of people were 

 found to be better memorizers than the 

 others, but this may be due to the fact that 

 the experiments were more favorable to 

 them than to other types. 



Dr. A. de Jong (The Hague) discussed 

 the value of hypnotism and suggestion as 

 educational helps, and concluded that the 

 use of hypnotic suggestion would be of great 

 use to teachers, particularly for cases of per- 

 verse character, etc. 



During the Congress there was a demon- 

 stration of Eontgen rays, showing the beat- 

 ing of the heart, by Dr. M. Boy, of Berlin; 

 a demonstration of psychological apparatus 

 by Dr. Schumann, of Berlin, and by a 

 number of German mechanicians. 



Finally, any general account of the Con- 

 gress would seem incomplete without a 

 word of commendation for the General Sec- 

 retary, Dr. Frhr. von Schrenk-JSTotzing, to 

 whose energy and work much of the suc- 

 cess of the general gatherings is due. 



Shepherd Ivoky Feanz. 



Columbia Univeesity. 



TRE PRINCETON SESQUICENTENNIAL. 



There are probably no other institutions 

 so enduring as those devoted to the ad- 

 vancement of education and learning. 

 Governments come and go, while universi- 

 ties maintain their continuity. The Col- 

 lege at Princeton has a long and honorable 

 history and it was fitting that the hundred 

 and fiftieth anniversary of its foundation 

 should have been celebrated with unusual 

 magnificence. Our readers are already 

 fully informed of the nature of the cere- 

 monies by the detailed accounts published in 

 the daily papers. It is, however, fitting 

 that we should record in this Journal the 

 events of scientific significance. 



Dignity was given to the celebration by 

 a series of lectures during the preceding 

 week. As we have already noted, the 



