21:8 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY. 



Die Binnen mollusken der Nordlich gemassig- 

 ten Lander von Europa und Asien, und der Arkti- 

 schen Lander, von H. Jordan. Engelman, Leipzig, 1883, 

 20/-. 



This is a reprint from the " Transactions " of the German 

 Academy of Naturalists of an elaborate Treatise on the Distri- 

 bution in the Northern part of the Old World of Land and 

 Freshwater Mollusca. Originally meant to be a short paper on 

 the mode of life and occurrence of European, and particularly 

 of German, species, the essay grew under the author's hand 

 into the present more important work. 



Referring to the similarity of the faunas of Iceland, Shet- 

 land, and Faroe with those of Britain and Europe, and the large 

 divergence between those of the Atlantic Islands and those of 

 the nearest parts of the old continent, the author submits his 

 task to the climatic and geographical relations of geological 

 times. 



While marine depths of 4,000 metres isolate the Azores 

 and Madeira, shallows not exceeding 700 metres in depth 

 imply, at any rate, a not distant connection between Europe, 

 Britain, the Western Islands, and Greenland, — an association 

 which becomes more certain when the geologist exhibits 

 Miocene Flora of remarkable uniformity extending over the 

 whole northern hemisphere in temperate and higher altitudes. 



The author restricts his labour, however, to the actual dis- 

 tribution of now-living mollusca. He adopts (so far as concerns 

 particularly European ranges) an Arctic province extending 

 from the pole to from 60° to 64° north latitude, (continued 

 eastwards to Siberia and Kamschatha and America and Green- 

 land), and a palse-arctic province, characterised by forest 

 growths, extending southwards to the line of the African desert, 

 and in Asia to the high lands of the Hindukush and Mant- 

 churia. 



J.C, iv., July, 1SS4. 



