512 DE. H. TOK IHEKING ON THE [^pf- ISj 



-4. ararauna, Anadorhynchus hyacinthinus and others, is of decisive 

 importance, and the same Aras ascend the Paranapanema Eiver 

 a great distance up. I ma}^ observe, however, that I have suffi- 

 cient knowledge of the birds of Tiete and Piracicaba, to say that 

 the ornis there is the same as that of Sao Paulo, without reference 

 to differences of secondary importance. 



We do not know the exact extension of the Groyaz elements 

 along the Paranapanema Piver, but there are facts which make us 

 believe that many tropical forms may have migrated along this 

 river, definitely or temporarily, to the Eibeira Piver, and to the 

 neighbourhood of Tpanema. It is quite possible that some tropical 

 species, found by Natterer in 1820 at Ypanema, do not now live 

 there, the character of the country having been greatly modified by 

 culture. I was not able to obtain from the district of Tpanema 

 species of Holochilus and other Eodents captured there by Natterer ; 

 but on the contrai'v there is now common there, as well as at Sao 

 Paulo, Hesperomys (Nectomys) sciureus Wagn., which does not seem 

 to be represented in the extensive collections made by Natterer. 

 I believe that, as is the case with the Furnarius, this species has 

 attained its present wide distribution in the State of Sao Paulo since 

 the time of Natterer. Furnarius rufus is a species common in the 

 campos of Eio Grrande do Sul and Argentina, and occurs in Sao 

 Paulo in the western regions, and in the valley of the Parahyba 

 Eiver. I am informed by Major Cornelio Vieira do Camargo that 

 this bird made its appearance in the municipality of Tatuhy about 

 twenty years ago. Natterer, in 1819-1822, obtained no specimens 

 in the State of S. Paulo. In his list is registered a specimen 

 from Eio, but erroneously ; for Mr. Euler informs me that this 

 bird does not occur in Eio de Janeiro at all. This species which, 

 as we can hardly doubt, has in this country extended its area in a 

 very remarkable manner into the State of Sao Paulo, occurs neither 

 in the vicinity of the capital of the State nor in the littoral belt. 

 It is therefore an element of the Central Fauna, immigrated into 

 the intermediarv zone ; and it is a matter of f ui'ther research to 

 verify the other species which are in the same condition. 



Polioptila dumicola is an element of the Central Fauna which 

 Natterer obtained on the Eio Parana. It seems reasonable to 

 suppose that the case of P. leucogaster would be the same, but as 

 this species occurs also at Iguape, Eio, and Bahia, another expla- 

 nation must be given. 



Besides this central element, we have to distinguish species 

 of Sao Paulo which are mainly found south of Eio and Sao Paulo, 

 and others belonging to the Bahia-Bio district which in certain 

 localities extend into the territory of Sao Paulo. 



This southern element contains some species which extend 

 from Buenos Ayres to Eio de Janeiro, such as Stephanopliorus 

 cceruleus, Cnipolegus cyanirostris, Hemitriccus diops, Serphophaga 

 nigricans, and Limnopardalis rhytirhynchus. Besides these, there 

 are others which occur from Argentina to Sao Paulo, as Oistothorus 

 polyglottus, Haplospiza unicolor, OorypJiospiza albifrons, Serphophaga 



