514 DR. H. TON IHEEING ON THE [-^PJ** 18? 



Hemitriccus, Heliolletus, Batara, Phibahtra, StepTiavophorus, 

 Bypophcea, Ortliogonys, LevcocMoris, and Tridaria ; and (6) Cni- 

 polegus, Cybernetes, Alectrurus, Cyanotis, Phloeocryptes, Anumhius, 

 and Coryphospiza. 



The first group includes what are essentially South Brazilian 

 genera ; the second those of Argentina, which, advancing north, 

 enter Southern Brazil. Many of the Argentine species occur in 

 Sao Paulo at Itarare and Eio Yerde only, on the boundary of the 

 State of Parana. To these it mil be convenient to add some 

 other species not yet observed in Sao Paulo, such as Ta;niopiera 

 dominicana Vieill., Piprites pileatus (Temm.), Leptasthenura striolata 

 Pelz., Siptornis ruticilla (Licht.), Phacelloclorrms striaticollis (Lafr. 

 & d'Orb.), and Clihanornis dendroeolaptoides (Pelz.). 



It is a fact of zoo-geographical interest, that the boundary 

 between Sao Paulo and Parana corresponds to a faunistic line 

 which is not transgressed by many birds characteristic of the 

 Argentine Pampas. 



Of special intei'est is the occurrerce of Cyanotis azarcp. and 

 PldceocrypU'smelanops — typical Patagonian birds which are likewise 

 found in Chili, Eio Grande do Sul, and Bolivia. "We have received 

 from Iguape not only these birds but also their nests. These two 

 birds accompany each other and occur in reedy swamps. It may be 

 that they are resident at Iguape only in the summer ; but it is also 

 possible that they have been resident there since the time when the 

 coast extended more to the east, and lowlands with marshes and 

 lagoons occupied that part of the ocean which connects Hio Grande 

 with Iguape. 



We have many singular facts which tend to this conclusion. Azara 

 lahiata and Paludestrina are brackish-M^ater species of mollusks, 

 common from Iguape to Buenos Ayres; and again, Chilina jiuminea 

 and Glabaris exotica, of the fresh-waters of Iguape, are species 

 characteristic of B-io Grande do Sul and Argentina, which are 

 not found at all in the central and northern parts of the State of 

 Sao Paulo (see my papers on the Geographical Distribution of the 

 Preshwater Pauna of Southern Brazil). I cannot accept the 

 explanations given by Dr. Ortmann, who says that the Potamoniidce 

 do not coexist with the Parastacidce because of the effects of 

 the struggle for life. In Bio Grande do Snl they do coexist, and 

 I have obsen ed that they cannot enter in competition, since they 

 are quite different in their mode of life. The only satisfactory 

 explanation is that based upon terrestrial modifications, as 

 suggested above ; and it seems to me that Cyanotis and Phloeo- 

 cryptes, bad fliers as they are, must be considered, from the same 

 point of view, as being relicts. 



Cygnus melanocoryphus sometimes appears on the coast near 

 Iguape. A curious fact is the appearance of a Penguin, 

 Sphenisms magellanicus, on the coasts of Parana and Sao Paulo. 

 I am informed that last winter, during July and August 1898, 

 thousands of dead Penguins were observed there. We have received 



