516 ON THE ORNIS OF sio PAULO. [^pr- 18. 



Trogon surucura. Natterer obtained T. aurantius at Moniolinha 

 in the State of Sao Paulo ; but this locality is situated on the con- 

 fines of Eio de Janeiro. 



In the same manner Picolaptes falcinellus of Sao Paulo is replaced 

 in Eio by P. squamatus ; Myrmeciza squamosa by M. loricata ; Cono- 

 pophaga nigrigenys by C. melanojjs ; and Dendrohates spilogaster by 

 D. ajffinis. 



Sao Paulo and Santos are situated a little distance apart, but 

 the difference in elevation (760 m.) eifects a difference of 3° C. in 

 the mean annual temperature. This explains why many Bahia 

 species extend to Iguape, but are not found in Sao Paulo. Tet 

 some of these species occur in the western regions of Sao Paulo, 

 along the Parana Eiver, at 21*^ South latitude. 



Prom the Eio Parana Natterer obtained examples of such species 

 as Tanagra palmarum, Donacobius atricapillus, Dacnis speciosa, and 

 Polioptila leucogastra, which we have received from Iguape and 

 which also occur in Rio and Bahia, but not in Sao Paulo. This is 

 probably also true of CydorJiis luiedi, but this species has not been 

 observed at Eio de Janeiro ; and it probably represents a Matto- 

 Grosso form which, at Iguape and in Bahia, has reached the coast- 

 zone. BasUeulerus Jiypoleucus is another species from Minas and 

 Goyaz observed at Tpanema by Natterer. Machetomis rixosa has 

 not been met with in the State of Sao Paulo, but perhaps occurs 

 in the western zone. In the States of Eio Grande do Sul and 

 Bahia it is, however, a member of the littoral fauna, due to the 

 extension in these States of the central campos to the coast. 



In some cases it is easy to separate the different faunistic 

 elements of the genera of the Sao Paulo ornis. Tachyphonus 

 meldleucus occurs in the western zone of Sao Paulo ; 2\ coronaius is 

 distributed from Eio Grande do Sul to Eio ; and T. cristcdus ranges 

 from Northei*n Brazil to Eio and Iguape. Amongst the species 

 of Euscarthmus, E. gidciris is a southern form, occurring from 

 Eio Grande do Sul to Eio. E. fumifrons and E. pelzelni are Matto- 

 Grosso birds, occurring along the Parana Eiver ; and E. nidipen- 

 didus and E. orhitatus are species of Bahia and Eio which extend 

 into Sao Paulo. 



Species of the western element which extend their distribution 

 to Tpanema and the Eibeira Eiver present some difficulty. I con- 

 sider all the species not observed in the littoral districts of 

 Southern Brazil, extending north and south of Sao Paulo, as 

 members of the Western fauna which have come along the 

 Paranapanema Eiver either to the littoral or to the marginal zone. 

 Naturally, it will be only possible to decide such questions when 

 their geographical distribution is exactly known. As, however, the 

 fauna of Eio de Janeiro is well represented in the larger museums, 

 and has been examined by numerous naturalists, I beheve that 

 there are really a number of North-Brazilian species which occur 

 in the littoral at Bahia, but not at Eio, and which extend to the 

 western region of Sao Paulo. 



One more example may be civen. We have various specimens 



